Lesson 45 :The Necessitative mode (-MALI, -MELİ) and other forms to express obligation and necessity. Passage: Train station-tren istasyonu

In This lesson we will talk about the Necessitative mood in Turkish and other forms to express necessity or obligation.
It's going to be a long lesson but the topic is rather vaste and requires more room than usual.
Don't get bored!!! Let's go!!!

Listen to this passage carefully.

"Büyük şehirlerdeki tren istasyonları çok büyüktür.Her saat birçok tren gelir ve gider.İstasyonda her zaman yüzlerce insan vardır. Bu yüzden bazı insanlar kaybolur ve bazıları da treni kaçırırlar.Yolculuğa çıkmadan önce yr ayırtmak gerekir. Böylece trende bir yeriniz var demektir.Rezervasyonu telefonla yaptırabilirsiniz,fakat bileti bir gün önce almalısınız. Bileti zamanında almazsanız,iptal ederler v bir başkasına verirler.
Bagajlarınızı bagaj odasına bırakabilirsiniz.Beraberinizde taşımak zorunda değilsiniz."


  VOCABULARY/VOCABOLARIO

Şehir,kent:     City - citta'
Her saat:        Every hour - ogni ora
Birçok tren:    Many trains - tanti treni
Yüzlerce:        Hundreds - centinaia
Bu yüzden:     For this reason -per questo motivo
Kaçırmak:      To miss - perdere (un mezzo)
Almazsanız:   If you don't get,take - se non prendete  - (this is an example of Conditional Tense)
Kaybolmak:    Get lost - perdersi
Yolculuk:        Trip, voyage, journey - viaggio
Yer ayırtmak: To book, to make a reservation - Prenotare un posto
Iptal etmek:    To cancel - annullare
Vermek:          To give - dare
Taşımak:         To carry - portarsi dietro
Beraberinizde: Whit you - con voi
Zamanında:     On time- in orario
Bir başkasına: To someone else- a qualcun altro




                                                                 GRAMMAR NOTES

The Necessitative mood in Turkish can be expressed in different ways.
The most common way to express obligation is through the use of the suffixes -MALI    -MELİ  to be attached to infinitive stems ending in -MAK  or -MEK respectively.
The negative form is obtained by attaching the negative suffixes -MA  or  -ME  between the infinitive stem and necessitative suffixes:  -MAMALI    -MEMELİ
To conjugate the tense, personal suffixes are to be added to necessitative suffixes.

Let's see a few examples:

Bakmak - to see

-malı- Suffix
bakmalıyım	I ought to see/I must see	bakmamalıyım	I ought not to see
bakmalısın	You ought to see/You must see	bakmamalısın	You ought not to see
O bakmalı(dır)	He ought to see/He must see	O bakmamalı(dır)	He ought not to see
bakmalıyız	We ought to see/we must see	bakmamalıyız	We ought not to see
bakmalısınız	You ought to see/you must see	bakmamalısınız	You ought not to see
bakmalı(dır)lar	They ought to see/They must see	bakmamalı(dır)lar	They ought not to see

Girmek - to enter
Similarly for the E-Dotted Group of Verbs (where because of Vowel Harmony Rules the Suffix of Obligation takes its dotted form -li-) - girmek - to enter - will become girmeli- for the Positive and girmemeli- for the Negative

-meli- Suffix
girmeliyim	I ought to enter	girmemeliyim	I ought not to enter
girmelisin	You ought to enter	girmemelisin	You ought not to enter
O girmeli(dir)	He ought to enter	O girmemeli(dir)	He ought not to enter
girmeliyiz	We ought to enter	girmemeliyiz	We ought not to enter
girmelisiniz	You ought to enter	girmemelisiniz	You ought not to enter
girmeli(dir)ler	They ought to enter	girmemeli(dir)ler	They ought not to enter

Hereby the conjugation of the Necessitative in different tenses:

Memorize the constructions.To do so it is fundamental that you repeat them several times.
Also try other verbs you have already learnt.

 To go: Gitmek

Affirmative Form - Present Tense
Ben gitmeliyim	I must go
Sen gitmelisin	You ought to go
O gitmeli(dir)	He, She, It should go
Biz gitmeliyiz	We have to go
Siz gitmelisiniz	You have got to go
Onlar gitmeli(dir)ler	They have to go

Interrogative Present Tense
Ben gitmeli miyim?	Must I go?
Sen gitmeli misin?	Ought you to go?
O gitmeli mi?	Should he go?
Biz gitmeli miyiz?	Have we to go?
Siz gitmeli misiniz?	Have you got to go?
Onlar gitmeliler mi?	Have they got to go?

Negative Form  - Present Tense
Ben gitmemeliyim	I must not go
Sen gitmemelisin	You ought not to go
O gitmemeli	He should not go
Biz gitmemeliyiz	We have not to go
Siz gitmemelisiniz	You have not got to go
Onlar gitmemeliler	They have not got to go

Negative Form - Interrogative Present Tense
Ben gitmemeli miyim?	Must I not go? (Mustn't I go?)
Sen gitmemeli misin?	Ought you not to go? (Oughtn't you to go?)
O gitmemeli mi?	Should he not go? (Shouldn't he go?)
Biz gitmemeli miyiz?	Have we not got to go? (Haven't we (got) to go?)
Siz gitmemeli misiniz?	Have you not to go? (Haven't you to go?)
Onlar gitmemeliler mi?	Have they not got to go? (Haven't they got to go?)

 

Past Definite

Necessitative Past Definite - Relates to an actual situation - I should have gone.., He must have gone.., etc..

Affirmative Form Past Tense Definite
Ben gitmeliydim	I must have gone
Sen gitmeliydin	You ought to have gone
O gitmeliydi	He should have gone
Biz gitmeliydik	We had to go
Siz gitmeliydiniz	You had got to go
Onlar gitmeliydiler	They had to go

Affirmative Form - Interrogative Past Tense Definite
Ben gitmeli miydim?	Must I have gone?
Sen gitmeli miydin?	Ought you to have gone?
O gitmeli miydi?	Should he have gone?
Biz gitmeli miydik?	Had we to go?
Siz gitmeli miydiniz?	Had you got to go?
Onlar gitmeliler miydi?	Had they got to go?

Negative Form - Statement Past Tense Definite
Ben gitmemeliydim	I must not have gone
Sen gitmemeliydin	You ought not to have gone
O gitmemeliydi	He should not have gone
Biz gitmemeliydik	We had not to go
Siz gitmemeliydiniz	You had not got to go
Onlar gitmemeliydiler	They had not got to go

Negative Form - Interrogative Past Tense Definite
Ben gitmemeli miydim?	Must I not have gone? (Mustn't I have gone?)
Sen gitmemeli miydin?	Ought you not to have gone? Oughtn't you to have gone?)
O gitmemeli miydi?	Should he not have gone? (Shouldn't he have gone?)
Biz gitmemeli miydik?	Had we not got to go? (Hadn't we got to go?)
Siz gitmemeli miydiniz?	Had you not got to go? (Hadn't you got to go?)
Onlar gitmemeliler miydi?	Had they not got to go? (Hadn't they got to go?)

 

Past Indefinite

Necessitative Past of Presumption - relates to an assumption - I suppose that I should have gone, I suppose that he should have gone, etc.

Affirmative Form - Statement of Presumption
Ben gitmeliymişim	(I suppose that) I must have gone
Sen gitmeliymişsin	(I believe that) you ought to have gone
O gitmeliymiş	(Presumably) he should have gone
Biz gitmeliymişiz	(In reality) we had got to go
Siz gitmeliymişsiniz	(It seems that) you had to go
Onlar gitmeliymişler	(Probably) they had got to go

Question of Presumption
Ben gitmeli miymişim?	Ought I to have gone? (at all?)
Sen gitmeli miymişsin?	Should you have gone? (possibly?)
O gitmeli miymiş?	(I wonder?) Did he have to go?
Biz gitmeli miymişiz?	(I wonder?) Did we have to go?
Siz gitmeli miymişsiniz?	(It seems that?) Did you have to go?
Onlar gitmeli miymişler?	(Surely by now?) Must they have gone?

Negative Form - Statement of Presumption
Ben gitmemeliymişim	(I suppose that) I must not have gone.
Sen gitmemeliymişsin	(I believe that) you ought not to have gone.
O gitmemeliymiş	(Presumably) he should not have gone.
Biz gitmemeliymişiz	(In reality) we had not got to go.
Siz gitmemeliymişsiniz	(It seems that) you had not to go.
Onlar gitmemeliymişler	(Probably) they did not have to go.

Negative Form - Interrogative of Presumption
Ben gitmemeli miymişim?	Ought I not to have gone? (at all?)
Sen gitmemeli miymişsin?	(I think that?) Should you not have gone?
O gitmemeli miymiş?	(I wonder?) Did he not have to go?
Biz gitmemeli miymişiz?	(I wonder?) Had we not got to go?
Siz gitmemeli miymişsiniz?	(It seems that? ) Did you not have to go?
Onlar gitmemeli miymişler?	(Surely?) must they not have gone?

Hovewer there are in Turkish other ways to express obligation or necessity.
The first way is to use the noun  zor - trouble, difficulty, worry, problem,difficult, hard
zorunda kalmak [zor-u-nda = "in the problem"] - to be left no choice but (to do something)
zorunda olmak- to have to, be obliged to (do something)
We can also use the arabic word mecbur - necessity, need to..
mecbur olmak /-a/ {demands a Motion Towards Object) - to be forced to, be obliged to, have to (do something).
mecbur kalmak -/a/ {demands a Motion Towards Object) - to feel obliged to, feel that one has to (do something).

 

Use of lâzım - need or gerek - necessity as an auxiliary.

Benim kitap okumam lâzım - [lit: My reading book is needed] - means - I should read a book- that's why we use "-im" - "my" to personalize the sentence.

Benim kitap okumam lâzım or Benim kitap okumam lâzım
Senin kitap okuman lâzım or Senin kitap okuman lâzım
Ali'nin kitap okması lâzım or Ali'nin kitap okması lâzım
Bizim kitap okumamız lâzım or Bizim kitap okumamız lâzım
Sizin kitap okumanız lâzım or Sizin kitap okumanız lâzım
Onların kitap okuması (or okumaları) lâzım or Onların kitap okuması (or okumaları) lâzım.

The Possessive Personalized "-in" is used with both gerek and lâzım but not with -meli,-malı tense suffix.
Turkish gerek (from gerekmek-to need) is generally used instead of the Arabic lâzım, although the latter is largely used in daily conversation.

Lesson 44 :The adverbial clause of time -İKEN (while). Conversation: New Year's Eve - Yılbaşı

The lesson will focus on one of Adverbial clause of time corresponding at "while" in English or "mentre" in Italian (for my Italian followers).

Listen to the following passage carefully and stick your attention to the suffix -IKEN (-KEN) attached to verbs, nouns and adjectives.

" Alo!  Ayşe nasılsın? İyi misin? Yılbaşı gecesini nasıl geçirdiniz?
Çok iyi geçirdik,Nurdan. Televizyonda çok güzel bir eğlence programı vardı. Annem  ve ben televizyon seyrederken babamla kardeşim kağıt oynuyorlardı.Akşam üzeri alışverişe giderken yolda seni gördüm ama sen beni görmedin. Acele acele gidiyordun. Önemli bir şey mi vardı?
Hayır,önemli bir şey yoktu.Hava soğuktu. Okuldan gelirken çok üşümüstüm.Zaten okuldayken de çok soğuktu.
Biliyorsun bu günlerde yakıt yok.
Bizde de yakıt yoktu ama babam sabahleyin işe giderken yolda bir tanker görüp eve yollamış.Tam beş ton aldık. Şimdi evimiz sıcak.
Öyleyse ben de size geliyorum.
Çabuk gel, bekliyorum!"


VOCABULARY/VOCABOLARIO

Geçirmek:  To spend (time) - trascorrere
Kağıt:  Cards -  carte
Kağıt oynamak:  To play cards- giocare a carte
Yakıt:      Fuel  - carburante ( in generale)
Yollamak: To send - inviare, mandare
Çabuk:      Quick, harry up! - velocemente



                                                     GRAMMATICAL NOTES


 The  Adverbial clause suffix -İKEN in Turkish is used to express " While". İken can stand alone or be suffixed as -ken (when added to consonants) or -yken (when added to vowels). It is invariable and does not follow the rules of vowel harmony. It does not take further suffixes. iken is used when the verb action is continuous at a point in time. It may also follow an adjective.

Let's see the different field of application of this clause.

İken - with the Present Tenses

-ken is always suffixed to the verb tense sign. As the subject is not always evident, then it is normally stated as in the examples below.
Ali kasabaya yürüyorken onu gördüm - I saw Ali while (he was) walking to town
Sen kasabaya yürüyorken, seni gördüm- I saw you while (you were) walking to town
Ben kasabaya yürüyorken, seni gördüm- I saw you while (I was) walking to town
Biz kasabaya yürüyorken, onu gördük- We saw him while we were walking to town
Biz kasabaya yürürken, onu her gün görürüz- Every day we see him when (while) we walk to town.
[Simple present habitual - yürü-r-ken]
Siz dans ediyorken, dinleneyim- Let me rest while you are dancing
Onlar dans ederken, dinlenelim- Let's rest while they dance
In the first three examples above it can be seen that the Personal Subject Pronouns have to be used to point to the subject, as iken can not be suffixed to pronouns. The last three examples show a slight difference in meaning due to the differing use in the Wide Tense and Present Continuous Tenses.

İken - with Adjectives

iken can be used with adjectives, in this case it can stand alone or be used as a suffix:
Ben, hasta iken (hastayken), uyurum - I sleep while (when) I am ill
Biz, o hastayken, merak ettik - While he was ill, we worried
Onlar, siz uykuda iken, meşgul olacaklar - They will be busy while you are asleep

 

İken - with the Past Tenses

If the action is continuous in the past then iken can be translated into English: - As -were -ing
As I was going downtown I saw him.

Past Definite Tense:

Ben İngiltere'deyken, yağmur yağdı - While I was in England, it rained
Past Continuous Tense:

Biz İngiltere'ye giderken, yağmur yağıyordu. - As we were going to England it was raining

İken - with Past Participle in -miş

This construction produces -mişken - means - having done
yapmışken - having done
yapılmışken - having been done
Bu iş bitirilmişken, eve gidelim - This job having been finished, lets go home..
Aklıma gelmişken, söyleyeyim - Having come to (my) mind, let me tell you..
Hazır gelmişken bir kahveni içelim - Having already come, let us drink a coffee of yours.

İken - with Negative Wide Tense

-mezken, -mazken means though not or while it isn't (This is a kind of official language. You can only hear these sentences in news or commercials.)
Galatasaray'ın yıldız futbolcularından Necati Ates, kendilerine ödeme yapılamazken, bazı yabancı oyuncuların alacaklarının verildiğini duymanın üzüntü verici olduğunu söyledi.
The cases we have just analyzed represent the main applications of this important avderbial time clause.

Lesson 43 :Family relationships.The modes of address in Turkish.Converstion: Ailem-My family"

In this lesson we will talk about  the relationships in a tipical Turkish family and the modes of address in Turkish.


Listen to this passage carefully.

" Benim ailem çok kalabalık.Tam on kişi. İki kızkardeşim var.Annem ve babam bizimle oturuyorlar.Böylece on kişi oluyoruz. Bazen eşimin annesi ve babası yanı kayınvalidem ve kayımpederim de geliyor ve bir süre bizde kalıyorlar.Onlar geldiği zaman annem ve babam gelinlerine gidiyorlar.Geçen hafta görümceme gittik. Bir Pazar günüydü.O sabah görümcenin iki torunu da oraya gelmişler.Hep beraber iki saat kadar oturduk ve biz kalktık.Dönüşte amcamlara ve dayımlara uğradık.
Amcamın eşi,yani yengem, evde yoktu.Sinemaya gitmişAma dayımın eşi,yani öbür yengem evdeydi.
Bizim akrabalarımızın hemen hemen hepsi İstanbul'da oturuyorlar."


VOCABULARY/VOCABOLARIO

Kayınvalıde,kaynana: Mother-in-law - suocera
Kayınbirader: Brother-in- law  - cognato
Kayınpeder:    Father-in-law - suocero
Gelin:             Bride- daughter-in-law   -  nuora
Görümce:       Sister-in-law (of the bride)  - cognata (sorella della sposa)
Baldız:            Sister-in-law (of the groom) - cognata (sorella della sposo)
Torun:            Grandson, granddaughter - nipote
Amca:             Uncle (father's brother)  - zio paterno
Teyze:             Aunt (mother's sister)-  zia materna
Hala:              Aunt  (Father's sister) - zia paterna
Dayı:               Uncle (mother's brother) - zio materno
Yenge:            Aunt (uncle's or brother's wife) - cognata (moglie del fratello o dello zio)
Damat:           Groom - sposo
Akraba:          Relatives - parenti (in generale)
kalabalık:       Crowded - affollato
Böylece:          So - cosi
Hemen hemen: Almost - quasi
Ayrıca:               Besides - inoltre


In Turkish there are different forms to address a person.
Look at the following expressions:

For males: Beyefendi - Sir - Daily pronunciation is truncated to: - Beyfendi For females: Hanımefendi - Miss or Madam - Daily pronunciation is truncated to: - Hanfendi - These are used in formal situations and to strangers.

Personal Addressing - Formal and Informal

The  expressions above are used in formal situations. Once names are known then bey and hanım are used after the first name, this usage is still formal and semi-formal. These titles follow the given-name (Christian name) and are written without a Capital Letter:
Ali bey - Mr. Ali
Ayşe hanım - Miss or Mrs. Ayşe
These are used in formal situations when you know the person's first name but also in informal situations to acquaintances, friends and even to you own family members.
Surnames are not usually used in Conversational Turkish, so the Ali bey can mean - Mr. Mustafa and Ayşe hanım can mean Mrs. OR Miss Ayşe (in a formal situation) or it can mean just a friendly Mustafa or Ayşe (without the title) between acquaintances.

Turkish has two words for the first name of a person - isim or ad - and they can both be used at any time as they are interchangeable. The Turkish word for surname is soyadı - there is no corresponding word for surname based in the word isim
İsminiz ne? - What is your first name?
İsmim Erkan. - My name is Erkan

Note:

Polite informal address forms are used most frequently in addressing an older person are "amca", "teyze", "ağabey" and "abla".
The use of these forms however must be commensurate with age difference between the speaker and the addresse.
For instance an adult female would not use "ağabey" or "abla" to a person unknown to her.
Likewise an adult male would avoid using "abla" or "teyze" .
If the name of the person is known he or she may be addressed as Cemal Amca, Fatma Teyze, Sevim Abla....
The same rule also applies in addressing one's own older brother or sister, aunts and uncles.
Older people may address younger males and females using the words " oğlum" and " kızım" respectively.
Also "çocuğum" and evladım" are commonly used in general for both sexexs generally by very elderly people.
Peers address one another with th word "kardeşim", vey common in the colloquial language.

The Muslim Peace Greeting

The tipical  Muslim peace greeting is "selâmünaleyküm", which is an Arabic expression  answered by aleykümselâm
This greeting is mainly used between passing strangers, normally both male, during travel or on entry to a crowded room, such as a tea house, when one cannot address everybody.