Lesson 56:Reading practice.Passage: "Vakıf Üniversiteleri"

Listen to this passage first, then read it aloud and memorize new words.

Türkiye'de her yıl bir buçuk miliyon öğrenci universite sınavına katılıyor. Bu öğrencilerin tek amacı, üniversiteden mezun olup, kendilerine iyi bir gelecek hazırlamak.Ne yazık ki, bu öğrencilerin ancak dört yüz bin kadarı Devlet Üniversiteleri, Türkiye'de eğitim öğretim alanında büyük bir açığı kapatıyorlar.
Bugün Türkiye'de yirmi cıvarında Vakıf Ünivesitesi mevcut. Bu üniversitelerin büyük çoğunluğunda yabancı dille öğretim yapılıyori Görevleri yalnızca eğitim öğretim yapmak, bilgi üretmek, arastırmalar yapmak değil.
Bu çağdaş kurumlar, çalışma alanlarını toplumun ihtiyaç ve beklentilerine göre tespit ediyorlar.
Günümüzde teknoloji baş döndürüncü bir hızla ilerliyor. Türkiye de bu teknolojinin gerisinde  kalmamak, kalkınmış ülkelere rekabet edebilmek zorunda.
Bu yüzden Türkiye'de özgür düşünebilen, bilgili,yetenekli ve üretken bireylere ihtiyacımız var. Devlet Üniversitelerinin sayısı ve kapasiteleri bu ihtiyaca cevap vermiyor. İşte bu nedenle, Vakıf Üniversitelerinin sayısı her geçen gün biraz daha artıyor.
Bu üniversiteler,gelişmekte olan dünyayla bütüleşmeye çalışan Türkiye için büyük umutlar anlamını taşıyorlar.


VOCABULARY

Katılmak: To join.
Sınava katılmak: To take an examination
Açık kapatmak: To compensate
Yirmi cıvarında: about (around) twenty
Yabancı dil: Foreign language
Çağdaş: Contemporary
Görev: Duty
Bilgi üretmek: To develop new ideas
Araştırma yapmak: To conduct research
Tespit etmek: To determine
Kalkınmış ülke: Developped country
Rekabet etmek: To compete
Özgür düşünebilen insanlar: People who can think freely
Üreten: Productive
Birey: İndividual
Bütünleşmek: To integrate
Büyük umutlar: Great expectations

Lesson 54:Main forms of gerunds in Turkish-Part 2.Passage: "A birthday party - Bir doğum partisi"

In this lesson more on Gerunds in Turkish.

Listen to this passage first.

VOCABULARY/VOCABOLARIO

Doğum gunu: Birthday - compleanno
Hediye: Gift, present - regalo
Zil: Bell - campanello
Gürültü: Noise - rumore
Tekrar: Again - di nuovo
Bu sefer: This time - questa volta
Özür dilerim: I am sorry, I apologize - scusatemi
Koşmak: To run - correre
Göstermek: To show - mostrare
Masayı hazırlamak: To set the table - apparecchiare la tavola
-den (dan) fazla:  More than - piu' di
Mum: Candle - candela
Dans etmek: To dance - ballare, danzare
Toplanmak: To get together - incontrarsi
Doğum günün kutlu olsun: Happy birthday - buon compleanno
Üflenmek: To blow -  soffiare
Kesmek: To cut - tagliare
Bıçak: Knife - coltello
Unutulmaz: Unforgettable - indimenticabile


                                                          GRAMMAR NOTES

In lesson 52 we had a look at a part of adverbial clauses of time.
Let's  discover in this lsson a little more about them

Because of      -dan dolayı or yüzünden

Examples:

Because of what Mehmet has done we can never succeed.

Mehmetın yaptığıdan dolayı asla başaramayız

Because of what Mehmet has done we can never succeed.

Mehmetın yaptığı şey yüzünden asla başaramayız

Because of what Mehmet has done we will never be able to succeed.

Mehmetın yaptığı şey yüzülnden asla başaramayacağız [wıll not be able to].

No sooner than     -masıyla, - mesiyle  bir oldu

Examples:

The dance had no sooner started than the lights went out.

No sooner had the dance started then the lights went out.

Dansın başlamasıyla ışıkların sönmesi bir oldu.

No sooner had I returned from Ankara than l left for Paris.
Ankara'dan geri dönmemle Paris'e hareket etmem bir oldu.

He had no sooner got into bed than the window was opened.
Yatağa girmesiyle pencerenin açılması bir oldu.

Selda no sooner entered the room than the telephone rang again.
Selda'nın odaya girmesi ile telefonun tekrar çalması bir oldu.

Hasan had no sooner put down the receiver than the telephone rang again.
Hasan'ın ahizeyi yerine koyması ile telefonun tekrar çalması bir oldu.

No sooner did I see him, than I recognized him.

Onu görmemle tanımam bir oldu.

Whenever - her ne zaman

Examples:

Whenever I started to speak English, my friend used to laugh.

My friend used to laugh whenever I started to speak English.

Her ne zaman İngilizce konuşmaya başlasam arkadaşım gülerdi.

You may visit us whenever you come to Istanbul.
Her ne zaman İstanbul'a gelirsen bizi ziyaret edebilirsin.

Whenever I sing a song, my sister goes out of the room right away.
Her ne zaman şarkı söylesem kız kardeşim derhal odadan dışarı çıkar.

Whenever we go to Bursa, we climb up the mountain.
Her ne zaman Bursa'ya gitsek dağa tırmanırız.

I can't sleep whenever I drink too much coffee.

Her ne zaman çok kahve içsem uyuyamam.

-inceye kadar,  - until

Examples:

Otobüs gelinceye kadar, gidemedik.- Until the bus comes, we cannot go.

Otobüs varıncaya kadar, gidemedik.- Until the bus arrives, we cannot go.

Otobüs duruncaya kadar, inmeyin.- Until the bus stops, do not step off.

-dikçe (-tikçe), -dıkça (-tıkça) - so long as or the more that/all the while that

Dünyanın dönme hızı gittikçe artıyor.- The more the world spins its speeds increases.

We can see that gittikçe - as it goes - can be translated as - gradually

Dünyanın dönme hızı gittikçe artıyor. - The world's spin speed is gradully increasing.

Similarly from olmak - to become/to be we can form oldukça - as it becomes/as it is which we translate as - quite

O kız oldukça güzel görünüyor - That girl over there is quite good looking.

Adam yaşadıkça yaşlanıyor - Man ages as he lives. OR All the time that man is living he gets older.

Ben fırıl fırıl döndükçe, fırıl fırıl döneceğim gelir! - derviş dedi. - "The more I whirl, the more I
feel like whirling!", the dervish said.

-dikten başka - apart from doing or in addition to doing

O, kapıyı açtıktan başka, evden gittim.- He, in addition to opening the door, left the house.


-diği halde, -dığı halde   - although or in a state of


Bağırdığım halde kimse yardıma gelmedi. - Although I shouted, no one came.

Bacağı alçıda olduğu halde eve döndü.- He returned home with his leg plastered.

O, kapıyı açtıktan başka, evden gittim.- He, in addition to opening the door, left the house.

-diği kadar, -dığı kadar, -duğu kadar, -düğü kadar, - as much as

İstediğiniz kadar kalınız.- Stay as long as you want.

Senin uyuduğun kadar ben uyuyamam.- I cannot sleep as much as you do.

-eceğine, -acağına, -ecek yerde, -acak yerde - instead of

İzmir'e yürüyeceğine, otobüsü bineceğim.- Instead of walking to Izmir, I will ride a bus.

Italyanca çalıstığıma, Inglizceyi çalışacağım.- Instead of studiying İtalian, I will study Englısh.



-mekle, -makla - with/by

Günümü hep yazı yazmakla geçirdim.- All of my day I spent by writing.

-mektense, -maktansa, -mekten ise, -maktan ise - rather than

Ankara'ya gitmektense, İstanbul'a gittim.- Rather than go to Ankara, I went to Istanbul.

-meksizin, -maksızın, -meden, -madan - without (-meden is more frequently used.)

Otobüsü binmeksizin, İstanbul'a gittim.- Without riding a bus, I went to Istanbul.

Otobüsü binmeden, İstanbul'a gittim.- Without riding a bus, I went to Istanbul

-(y)e, -(y)a rağmen - altought, despite, even though

This gerund is largely used in Turkish.

Examples:

Yapmamasını ona söylememe rağmen gitmeye karar verdi.

He decided to go, although I told him not to.

Doğru olduklarından emin olmamama rağmen cevaplarımı kopyalayabilirsin.

You can copy down my answers although I'm not sure they're right.

Milyonlarca yaşama mal olmasına rağmen savaşı kazandılar.

They won the war, although it cost them millions of lives.

12 yaşında olmasına rağmen Mehmet annesinden daha uzundur.

Although he's only 12, Mehmet is taller than his mother.

Gerçekte patronumuz olmamasına rağmen, ofisin etkin kontrolüne sahiptir.

Although she's not officially our boss, she's in effective control of the office.

Havaya rağmen yine de hafta sonundan zevk aldım.

I still enjoyed the week despite the weather.

Mali sorunlara rağmen şirket başarılı.

Despite its financial problems, the company is successful.

Kara rağmen otobüsler çalışıyor.

Buses are still running, despite the snow.

Farklı şehirlerde yaşamalarına rağmen iki aile yakın ilişkilerini sürdürmektedirler.

Despite living in different countries, the two families have maintained close links.

Havaya rağmen piknikten zevk aldım.

I still enjoyed the picnic despite the weather.

Lesson 53:More on Negative form of the Abilitative mood -y(a)bilmek,-y(e)bilmek.

                                                               GRAMMAR NOTES


As we hinted in the final part of  Lesson 42 this mood is easily formed in all tenses just by inserting an -e- or -a- before the negative suffix of any negative verb whether it be active, passive, reflexive, reciprocal,or causative.
Let's see in more details as this rule applies for all tenses markin of course the distinction between  A -undotted verbs and  E -dotted verbs (in other words verbs whose infininitive mood end in  -MAK or  -
MEK respectively:

Example using the verb Bakmak  (to look) 

bakmamak - to not look becomes: bakamamak - not to be able to look
bakamıyorum - I can't look
bakamadın or bakamıyordun - you could not look
bakamıyordu - he was not able to look
bakamazsak - if we cannot look - (Conditional form)
bakamayacaksınız - you will not be able to look
bakamadılar or bakamıyorlardı - they could not look
It can be seen above that the tense and personal endings are added to make the full verb form - this includes the "if" forms of the Conditional Mood.

Examples using the verb Çekmek (To pull)

çekmemek - to not pull becomes: çekememek- not to be able to pull
çekemem - I can't come
çekemiyorsun - you cannot pull
çekilemedi - it could not be pulled - (Passive form)
çekemeyeceğiz - we will not be able to pull
çekememiştiniz - you had not been able to pull


VERBS ENDING IN VOWEL

The buffer letter -y- is used to keep the last vowel of the verb stem separate from the -e- negative potential particle that has been added to the normal negative infinitive.

Examples using the verb  Anlamak (to understand):

anlamamak - to understand becomes: anlayamamak - (anla-y-a-ma-mak)- not to be able to understand
anlayamadım - I could not understand
anlamasaydın - if you did not understand
anlayamasaydın - if you could not understand - (adding the Negative Potential)
anlayamamış - it seems he could not understand - (Inferential Tense)
anlaşılamayacaksak - if we will not be able to understood - (Passive form)
anlayamazsınız - you cannot understand
anlaşamadılar - they could not agree- [lit: understand each other] - (Reciprocal form)

Examples using th verb Beklemek (to wait):

beklemek- to wait, expect - becomes: bekleyememek - (bekle-y-e-memek) - not to be able to wait
bekleyemesem - if I cannot wait - (Conditional tense)
bekletemeyeceksin - you will not be able to let (it/him) wait - (Causative form)
beklenemedi - it could not have been expected - [lit: awaited] - (Passive form)
bekleyemeyeceğiz - we will not be able to wait
bekleyemezdiniz - you couldn't have waited
bekleyememişler - it seems that they cannot wait - (Inferential tense)

Lesson 52:Main forms of gerunds in Turkish-Part 1.Passage: "At the seaside"-"Deniz kenarında"

In this lesson we will focus on some particular constructions: the gerunds.
They express the adverbial form of the verbs and Turkish is particularly rich of.
We already met a few of them. Do you remember  the adverbial clauses ...(i)ken in Lesson 44 and ...ir .....mez in Lesson 50 ?

There are other forms based either on the infinitive stem or the infinitive tense itself.

Before we analyze them in more details, listen to this passage first.

VOCABULARY/VOCABOLARIO

Geçen yaz:  Last summer - la scorsa estate

Sahil, kıyı: Shore,seafront- spiaggia, lungomare,costa

Yola çıkmak:To depart, to leave, to set off  - partire

Mola:  break - pausa

yorulmadan:  Without getting tired - senza stancarsi

Atlamak: To jump - saltare

Vazgeçmek: To give up - fare a meno, rinunciare

Tam o sirada: At the very moment - esattamente in quel momento

Ses: Voice - voce

Imdat! :  Help! - Aiuto! (esclamazione)

Bağırmak: To shout - urlare

Hızla: Quickly, rapidly - velocemente

Kurtarmak: To rescue, to save - salvare

Ismarlamak: To order (food, drink...) - ordinare, offrire

Yürüyüş yapmak: To go for a walk, to take a stroll - fare due passi, passeggiare

Koşmak: To run - correre

Dalmak: To dive - tuffarsi

Acıktım: To be hungry - avere fame

                                                            GRAMMATICAL NOTES

Without getting back to what I mentioned at the beginning of this lesson let's go now a little bit more into details about other forms of gerunds in Turkish.

The are fomed by using specifc suffixes we are going to see below.

GERUND PATTERNS

consecutive-conjunctive

This gerundive if formed by attaching the following suffixes to the infinitive stem:

 -(y)ip, -(y)ıp, -(y)up ,  -(y)üp  (remeber that vowel harmony applies here)

This pattern correspond to the English construction :  And,...and then

Examples:

Kedi eti kapıp kaçtı : The cat grabbed the meat and run away

Para alıp gitti:  He took the money and left.

Subsequential

This gerund  has the same function as " Since" in English.

It obtained by attaching th suffixes -(y)eli,  -(y)alı to the ınfınıtıve stem.

Remember that here applies the vowel harmony.

Examples:

Istanbul'dan ayrılalı iki yıl oldu: It has been two years since I left Istanbul

Italyaya gideli iki hafta oldu: It has been two weeks since I went to Italy

Coordinating

This gerund hs the same function as  ....-ing,   by.......ing in English.

Expresses  a secondary action  while the main one is in progress.

Is obtained by attaching the suffixes -(y)erek,  -(y)arak to the infinitive stem.

Examples:

Ali elini sallayarak beni selamladı: Ali greeted me by waving his hand.

Selin işe yürüyerek gidiyor: Selin goes to work on feet.

end of Part 1.

Lesson 51:The use of the suffix "Ki" - Conversation: "Going to the bank"-"Bankaya gidiş"

This lesson will focus on the use of the suffix "Ki" and its different meanings in Turkish.

Before we go into more detail listen to this passage carefully.

(The script will not be taped.At this stage of the course the level the audience has  reached should make the script unnecessary)

VOCABULARY/VOCABOLARIO

Evlenmek: To marry,to get married - sposare, sposarsi
Kahvaltı etmek: To have breakfast - fare colazione
Buzdolap: Fridge - frigorifero
Yanındaki: The one close to.....- che e' accanto a.....



                                                             GRAMMATICAL NOTES

As anticipated the suffix "Ki" has multiple use in Turkish.
Let's see them in details:

Ki - as a Conjunction

This word "ki" here is equivalent to the English words - who, that, which- when joining two ideas in relation to each other.
Note that it is mandatory to use a comma preceding ki in Turkish in this type of usage to show the subject of the sentence clearly.

Examples:

Ayhan, ki sen bugün gördün, benim en iyi arkadaşım. - Ayhan, who you saw today, is my best friend.

Matematik, ki bir çok insan nefret eder, benim en sevdiğim derstir.Maths, which many people hate, is my favorite class.

Ki is also used for joining two sentences together, but this method goes against Turkish Grammar rules.

Biliyorum ki beni seviyorsun. - I know that you love me.
This construction is based  on Persian Grammar and  closer to European thinking. However the construction shown below comes over as more natural to the Turk:

Beni sevdiğini biliyorum. - The correct method according to Turkish grammar
The construction  Biliyorum ki beni seviyorsun. - although understandable is NOT the natural Turkish method.
The correct Turkish method uses the -dik Relative Object participle:

Beni sevdiğ-in-i biliyorum. - I know that you love me - [Lit: Me that-love-you knowing-am-I]
sevdiğ- - that loves + -in- you/your + -i - object marker for the verb biliyorum - I know
Thus it becomes that both ideas - "the person" and "their loving" become objects of the verb - I know. This is more suitable to the Turkish point of view.

Ki - as a locative suffix

Most of the time the suffix "ki" usually means  - who, that, which - is actually in a locative situation. In Turkish the addition of "ki" to the object located completes the meaning whereas in English the relative pronoun in this relationship is glossed over or not included at all.

Examples:
Bahçedeki çocuk - The child (who is) in the garden.
Elimdeki para - The money (that is) in my hand, The money (that) I've got.
Yanımdaki para yok- I don't have money with me - [lit: money that is by my side.]

Note that the us of the relative "ki" - who, which, that - is necessary in Turkish although in English it could be omitted. 

 Idiomatic use of  "Ki"

This ki is often used in comparison as in:
oysa ki - if it is thus, if that's the way it is, thus, so then
hal bu ki - the condition is this, that is the way it is, so then
These days these utterances are regularly found written as a single word (in truth they are not), and have found a way into the language as such - oysaki - so, then, halbuki - It's this way, like this..

Ki - as a Relative Pronoun

In the completion of descriptive nouns, the suffix -ki can be added to the completed noun and then used in place of the noun + noun completion.

Ali'nin arabası, Ayşe'nin arabasından daha güzeldir.

Ali's car is better than Ayşe's car.

Ali'nin arabası, Ayşe'ninkinden daha güzeldir.

Ali's car is better than Ayşe's (one).

Bizim koltuklar [Koltuklarımız], Fatmaların koltuklarından daha yenidir.

Our chairs are newer that Fatma's chairs.

Bizimkiler, Fatmaların koltuklarından daha yenidir.

Our ones are newer that Fatma's chairs.

Bahçenin domatesi, seranın domatesinden daha lezzetlidir.

Our tomatoes are tastier than the greenhouse tomatoes

Bahçeninkiler, seraninkinden daha lezzetlidir.

The garden ones are tastier than the greenhouse ones.


PARTICULAR USE OF  "Ki" AS  ADJECTIVE OF LOCATION 

The suffix -de(ki), -da(ki) - which is on, in, at

 There is really no such suffix -deki in Turkish. -deki is actually two suffixes together, -de plus an added -ki.-de means - on, in, at - while -ki is - that which is
But you will find most grammar books gloss over this construction although it is in constant daily use to make an Adjective of Location.

Examples:

  Sokaktaki araba - The car which is in the street - [Lit: Sokak-ta-ki street-in-which-is car.]


The particle "Ki" is also used in everyday language to express:

 so ... that; such that:

Öyle ucuz ki herkes alabilir. - It´s so cheap that everyone can afford it.

Would you believe it?

Eve geldim ki kapı duvar. - I came home, but ki would you believe it? ki nobody answered the door.
Elimi cebime attım ki para yok. - I felt in my pocket for it, but (ki - good heavens! - ki) the cash wasn´t there.

Considering that:

Adam üşümüş ki paltosunu giymiş. - The man must have been cold, seeing that he put on his coat.

As, though:Cevap vermeseydi bile ki ki verdi ki iş olacağına varırdı. - Even if he hadn´t made a reply ki though he did ki the thing wouldn´t have turned out any differently.

When:

Henüz uykuya dalmıştım ki, bir patlama oldu. - I´d just dropped off to sleep when something exploded.


 Indicates frustration, disapproval, doubt, or anxiety:

O bana inanmaz ki! - She will not believe me, so why should I talk with her?
Ama bana verirler mi ki? - But will they actually give it to me, I wonder?

Emphasis:

Öyle güzel ki! - It´s more beautiful than I can say!
Öyle bir para döktü ki! - He spent money like it was going out of style!
Araba ki ne araba! - It´s a car and a half!/It´s some car!

Lesson 50:Adverbial clauses of time in Turkish: -dikten sonra, -dıktan sonra,/-diği zaman,-dığı zaman,-duğu zaman,-düğü zaman/-diğinde,-dığında-duğunda,-düğünde/ ince,ınca,unca,ünce/-meden önce,-madan önce/..ir ...mez,....ur ...maz,....ır ...maz,...ür....mez.Conversation: A visit to a friend

This lesson will focus on a series of adverbial clauses of  time in Turkish.

It is a vast category of clauses.Many of them are interchangeable as they have the same meaning.

Before we go into more details, let's listen to this conversation and try to identify such clauses.

Because of the lenght of the passage, the script will not be taped.
An accurate vocabulary will however be given.

VOCABULARY/VOCABOLARIO

Kapı zili: door bell-cmpanello di casa
Çalmak: (here)To ring- suonare (campanello)
Kapı açıldı: The door was opened - la porta si apri
Seni tekrar gormek ne güzel: How nice to see you again - che piacere rivederti
Dondüğümde:  When I returned - quando sono tornato (quando tornai)
Daha önce: Earlier - precedentemente
Gelemediğim için: For not coming - Per non essere venuto...
Yetki: Authority - autorita'
Yetkili: Person authorized - autorizzato
Sınava girmek: To take an exam - fare un esame
Çalışmaya başlamak: To begin studying, to begin to study - iniziare a studiare
Özlemek: To miss (somebody, something) - avere nostalgia sentire la mancanza
Karnın aç olmak: To be hungry - avere fame
Konuk olmak: To be guest - essere ospite
Uzun süreden beri: For a long time - per molto tempo
o zamana kadar: Until then - fino ad allora


                                                             GRAMMAR NOTES

Adverbial causes of time in Turkish  are used to express the equivalent of " WHEN", "BEFORE" AS SOON AS" , "AFTER (+ verb in -ing form), " AS" and other similar adverbial expressions.
To better understand what we are talking about, look at the following examples.It would make the job easier for you.

BEFORE:   -önce or -meden önce

I went out to play before I had dinner
Akşam yemeğini yemeden önce dışarıya oynamaya çıktım.

The sun had set in the west before we reached our destination.
Biz hedefimize varmadan önce güneş batıdan batmıştı.

We must go home before it gets dark.
Hava kararmadan önce eve gitmeliyiz.

We shall have had lunch by the time that the train gets to London.
Tren Londraya varmadan önce öğlen yemeğimizi yİyecektik.

My small brother had eaten all the pie before I got back.
Ben dönmeden önce küçük erkek kardeşim bütün böreği yemişti.

I will finish everything by the time my father comes home.
Babam eve gelmeden önce her şeyi bitireceğim.

The party will be over by the time we get there.
Biz oraya varmadan önce parti sona erecek.

By the time we got there, the meeting had already started.
Oraya varmadan önce toplantı başlamıştı bile.

If there is no verb in the sentence : -dan önce/-tan önce or -den önce/-ten önce is used:
Before May - Mayıstan önce
Before April - Nisandan önce
Before 5 o'clock - Saat beşten önce
Before 2 o'clock - Saat ikiden önce.

AFTER, AFTERWORDS  - sonra   or -diktan sonra

I turned the lights off after my sister went to bed - English Construction
Kız kardeşim yattıktan sonra ışıkları söndürdüm.

After the plane took off, we ate our lunch.
Uçak havalandıktan sonra öğle yemeğimizi yedik.

I am going to ask the teacher a question after the class is over.
Ders bittikten sonra öğretmene bir soru soracağım.

I will write to you after I leave Ankara.
Ankara'dan ayrıldıktan sonra sana mektup yazacağım.

They went to the theater after they had finished their work.
İşlerini bitirdikten sonra tiyatroya gittiler.
W
e went to Italy after the war broke out.
Savaş çıktıktan sonra İtalya'ya gittik.

AS SOON AS :   -ir -mez,  -ır   -maz,  -ur   -maz,   -ür   -mez

We shall have tea as soon as my father comes home.
As soon as my father comes home we shall have tea.

Babam eve gelir gelmez çay içeceğiz.
They turned on the lights as soon as the film ended.

Film biter bitmez ışıkları açtılar.
We will come to see you as soon as the holidays start.

Tatil başlar başlamaz sizi görmeye geleceğiz.
As soon as Ayşe had finished her homework, she went out to play.

We shall go as soon as my father is ready.
Babam hazır olur olmaz gideceğiz.

As soon as you buy this novel, I will borrow it from you.
Sen bu romanı satın alır almaz onu senden ödünç alacağım


WHEN:   -diği zaman (-diğinde), -dığı zaman (-dığında), -duğu zaman (-duğunda), -düğü zaman (-düğünde).

Now (that) you mention it, of course I do remember.Ondan bahsettiğiniz zaman, elbet hatırlıyorum.

When I got up, it was raining hard.Yataktan kalktığım zaman çok yağmur yağıyordu.


When:  -ince,-ınca,-unca,-ünce

This contructions is similar to the previous, with a slight difference in th meaning that depens on the verb and the action described.

When the rain stopped we returned to our houses.Yağmur durunca evlerimize döndük


There are other forms of adverbial clauses of time.This will be the object of the next lesson!

Lesson 49: Auxiliary verbs in Turkish: Etmek, Olmak- Conversation: Elections-Seçimler

This lesson will focus on the category of auxiliaries in Turkish whose main verbs are essentially
ETMEK and OLMAK.

However there are other verbs which may be used as auxiliaries in different contexts.We will have a look at most of them.
This is going to be a long lesson so please don't get bored!!!
Listen to this passage carefully and identify the verbs using any of the auxiliaries Etmek or Olmak.
(note that since this is a long conversation the script is not listed due to space reason.Vocabulary will however be given.)

VOCABULARY/VOCABOLARIO


İşte: Here (he is) - ecco!
Tanıştırmak: To introduce himself - presentarsi
Sabahtan beri: Since morning - da stamattina
Ne güzel bir rastlantı: What a nice coincidence - che piacevole coincidenza!
Rahatsız etmek:  To bother, to disturb - disturbare
TBMM (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi): Turkish Grand National Assemby - Parlamento turco, Assemblea Nazionale.
Yanılmıyorsam: If I am not mistaken - Se non mi sbaglio
Avukat: Lawyer - avvocato
Anayasa: Constitution - Costituzione
Değişikliler: Changes - cambimenti
Ilan etmek: To declare - dichiarare, annunciare
Ilan edilmek: To be declared - essere dichiarato
Idareyi ele almak: To take over the administration - subentrare, assumere le funzioni istituzionali
Halkoyu (referandum): Referendum
Sunmak: To submit - sottoporre
Kabul etmek: To accept - accettare
Cumhurbaşkanı: President of the Republic- Capo dello Stato, Presidente della Repubblica
Meslek: Profession - professione
Seçimler: elections - elezioni
Çoğunluk: majority - maggioranza
Kurmak: To estabilish - stabilire, fondare
Üye: Member - membro
Dönem: Term - termine, periodo
Arka arkaya: consecutively - consecutivamente
Yaşı uygun ise: If age is suitable - se ha l'eta adatta
Millevekilleri: Deputies , MPs- deputati, membri del Parlamento
Başbakan:  Prime Minister - Primo Ministro
Bakan: Minister - Ministro
Oy: Vote - voto
Oy vermek: To vote - votare
Sınır: Limit, edge - limite
Çağırmak: To call - chiamare , indire
Ne yazık ki, maalesef: Unfortunately - purtroppo
Karşılamak: To meet, to encounter - incontrare
Yüzbaşı: Captain - capitano


                                                      GRAMMAR NOTES

As hinted at the beginning the two main auxiliaries in Turkish are :ETMEK and OLMAK.
These verbs are generally use to form compound verbs as well as to make active and passive tenses respectively.
Look at these examples:

Etmek - to do, to make, to perform. This auxiliary is used to make Active Tenses.
Babamı mutlu ettim - I made my father happy.
Elmak - to be, to become, to happen, to occur. This auxiliary is used to make Passive Tenses.
Seni görünce mutlu oldum. - I became happy on seeing you.

Let's analize them in more details

Etmek - to do/to perform

etmek - cannot be used alone as a verb. It is an auxiliary verb used with nouns.It is most used along with Arabic or Persian words as well as foreign words imported into Turkish.
Look at this list below and try to memorize them.Most of the compound verbs have an Arabic stem to which -Etmek is added.

telefon etmek - to telephone
dans etmek - to dance
şikâyet etmek - to complain
tereddüt etmek - to hesitate
talep etmek -  to ask, to demand
Itaat etmek - to obey
istifa etmek - to resign, to step down
Vefat etmek - to die, to pass away

The list could continue but it is sufficient for you now to remind that this is one of the applications of the auxiliary "etmek"

It should be noted that many Arabic words do not follow the rules of vowel harmony within themselves but any Turkish suffixes added will always be governed by the final vowel in the word, although there are a few exceptions to this. One we have already met saat hour saatler hours.
Sometimes in Turkish there are two words in general use for the same meaning, one Arabic using - etmek - to form its verb, whilst the Turkish rooted word will follow normal rules of conjugation.

Example
tamir etmek- to repair [arab] or onarmak - to repair [turk]

The auxiliary Etmek has up to nine different meanings according to the most accurate dictionaries:

1. - to do, make - kâr etmek - to make a profit
2. - to do well or wrong - Ne iyi ettin. - How well you did!- iyi etmedin - you did not do well!
3. - reach (a time) - Ay sonunu etmek - To reach the end of the month
4. - to deprive (someone) of (something) - Bu iş beni sağlığımdan etti. (-den etmek) - This job wore me out.
5. - to equal, make - Dört üç daha yedi eder. - Four plus three makes seven
6. - to be worth - O kitap yüz elli lira eder. - That book is worth 150 lira.
7. - to amount to, make - Toplam sekiz dolar ediyor.- The total amounts to 8 dollars
8. - to wrong, treat (someone) unjustly - Bana neler etti. - What (bad things) he did to me.
9. - to soil or wet (one's underpants, bed etc.) - donuna etmek ; yatağına etmek

Examples of Transitive Verbs formed with    "etmek"

Transitive verbs have an Object

In these examples onu can either mean it (object) - or that (object)

ayıp - a shaming
ayıp etmek - to cause/make a shame
Onun için Mehmet beni ayıp etti - Because of it/that Mehmet shamed me.
teslim - a delivering [Arabic]
teslim etmek - to deliver
Mektubu teslim ettim - I delivered the letter
Koliyi teslim ettirdiniz - you had the the parcel delivered (Causative Verb form)
tamir - a repairing [Arabic]
tamir etmek - to repair
Onu tamir etsek - If we repair it/that
Onu tamir edemem - I can't repair it/that
kontrol - a checking [Eng. Fr.]
kontrol etmek - to check
Onu kontrol ettiler - They checked it/that
Onu kontrol edebilir misiniz? - Would you check it/that?


It stands to reason that only "etmek" is conjugated while formng the tenses of the compound verbs.

The Passive can be formed with the Passive of etmek - edilmek but is often replaced by the The verb of olmak - to become - or its Passive Form - olunmak - to become - without any change in meaning.

olmak - to be/become

This verb meaning to be or to become is also used as an auxiliary with foreign loan words. It is also attached directly to single syllable roots or written separately when used with roots of more that one syllable. It does not change its own vowels as it is a verb in its own right. One of its most important auxiliary functions is its use as the Future Tense and Potential Mood of the verb - to be.

Look at these examples:

ayıp - shame
ayıp olmak - to be a shame
Yağmur yağdığından ayıp olur - It is a shame that it is raining
- or - Yağmur yağdığından ayıptır - It is a shame that it is raining - sometimes the verb "to be" can be used in place of olmak - to become
hazır - ready
hazırım - I am ready
hazır olacağım - I shall be ready [Future]

zengin - rich
zenginsiniz - you are rich
zengin olsaydınız - If you had been rich [Conditional]

yoksul - poor
O yoksul - he is poor
O yoksul olabilir - He may be poor [Potential]

If we now show the examples from etmek - the transitive auxiliary verb form above, but with the auxiliary verb as edilmek - the intransitive auxiliary verb - then we can see that the sense has become Passive as opposed the Active sense:

teslim - a delivering
teslim etmek - to delivered - [Transitive form takes an object]
Ali, mektubu teslim etti [Active Sense] - Ali delivered the letter. [Transitive with mektubu in the objective case.]
teslim edilmek - to be delivered - [Intransitive form - takes no object]
dün teslim edildi - It was delivered yesterday. [Intransitive - no object]
mektup teslim edildi - The letter has been delivered [Passive with edilmek and mektup as the subject]
These examples show that the main verb can also be made passive by the use of edilmek - to be performed - the passive form of etmek itself.

tamir - a repairing
tamir edilmek - to repair [passive]
O tamir edilecek - It (as subject.) will be repaired
O tamir edilemedi - (ed-il-e-me-di) - It (as subject) could not have been repaired

kontrol - a checking
kontrol edilmek - to be checked
O kontrol edildi - It has been checked
Onu kontrol edilebilcek mi?- (ed-il-ebil-ecek mi?) - Can it be repaired?

ret- a refusing
reddedilmek - to be refused 
Ben, reddedildim - I was refused                (this is a case in which "etmek" is attached to the noun)
O, reddedilince - On it being refused

takdir - an appreciation
takdir edilmek - to be appreciated
Ahmet, takdir edildi - Ahmet was appreciated
Ali, takdir edilecek - Ali will be appreciated

The Passive use of - olmak

When used with loan word to form verbs it gives the sense of being in a state of..
pişman - a regretting - pişman oldum - I regret/I was sorry - [Lit: I was sorry]
fena - bad/ill - fena oluyorum - I feel ill
memnun - pleased - memnun oldum - I'm pleased - [Lit: I was pleased]

Other Auxiliaries

These include:
yapmak- to do as an action
gelmek- to come
kalmak - to remain/stay
bulunmak - to be found/to be - [Passive of bulmak]
eylemek - to carry out - [equates with etmek but not common.] eylemek can be used as a substitute for etmek and serves the same purpose. It is usually restricted to the written word and is seldom used in conversation

Continuative Verbs

kalmak and durmak are used to form a continuing action of the main verb giving the sense - to keep on doing.. or to remain in a condition of.. To form the Continuative Verb the Infinitive of kalmak or durmak is added directly to the Subjunctive Root of the main verb. The Subjunctive Root is formed by suffixing -e or -a to the basic Verb Stem yüzmek to swim yüze- Subjunctive stem.
Then with the direct addition of kalmak - to remain:
yüzekalmak- to keep on swimming - yüzekaldı - He kept on swimming
alakalmak- to keep on taking - alakalacağım - I will keep on taking
durakalmak- to keep on stopping - durakalıyorsun - You keep on stopping


A SPECIAL USE OF THE VERB "VERMEK" - TO GIVE

The verb - vermek - to give - can also be added to the subjunctive verb stem and in this case it gives a sense of urgency and speed of action to the main verb. In this case - vermek- loses its meaning - to give. Then with the direct addition of vermek - to "get a move on.."

Examples:

koşmak - to run - koşuvermek - to hurry up and run

When adding  "vermek" to a verb then the vowel of the subjunctive ending -e narrows to -i or -ü thus: (güle becomes gülüverin and kese becomes kesıverin), while that of the subjunctive ending -a narrows to -ı or -u thus: (baka becomes bakıverin and tuta becomes tutuverin).

Lesson 48:Subjunctive tense in Turkish (Istek tipi) - Conversation: The American hospital-Amerikan hastanesi

Let's now see another tense: The Subjunctive , also known as Optative (Istek tipi).
This tense is used to express a wish, a desire.

VOCABULARY/VOCABOLARIO

Yardım:  Help - aiuto,soccorso
İlk yardım: First aid- pronto soccorso
Meşgul: Busy- occupato
Tayin olmak: To be assigned - essere assegnato.
Heykel:  Statue- statua
İranlı: Iranian- iraniano
Belklemem lazım: I have to wait - devo attendere
Cami:  Mosque - moschea
Arkasında: Behind - dietro
İlk defa:  First time - prima volta
Yabancı: Stranger,foreigner - straniero


                                                         GRAMMAR NOTES



Let's see how to form this tense and its conjugation.

The Subjunctive Mood Sign is -a or -e which is added to the infinitive stem - according to Vowel Harmony Rules: If the bare verb stem ends in a vowel then the Subjunctive Mood Sign becomes -ya or -ye (Uses buffer letter -y-)

The Personal Endings for the Subjunctive mood are as follows:

Subjunctive Mood Sign is -e for verbs whose last vowel is -e, -i, -ö, -ü
Mood Sign -a is used for verbs whose last vowel is -a, -ı, -o, -u
As the Mood Sign is -a or -e - Then it follows that there are only two forms of the Personal Endings as shown above for the Subjunctive (again due to vowel harmony rules).

The Singular Personal suffixes - Subjunctive

-eyim- let me or -ayım- let me
-esin - let you or -asın - let you
-e - let him or -a - let him

The Plural Personal suffixes - Subjunctive

-elim- let us or -alım - let us
-esiniz - let you or -asınız - let you
-eler- let them or -alar- let them
All the above will use buffer letter -y- when being added to a verb stem ending in a vowel.
Thus -eyim becomes -yeyim [after a vowel] etc
bekleyeyim - [bekle-y-eyim] - let me wait
almayalım - [alma -y -alım] - let us not take
Consequently it can be seen that all negative verbs will have this buffer letter as the negative verb end in a vowel.

Exception:

The third person singular and plural also have an ending suffix -sin and -sinler.This is the same ending used to form the Imperative mode ( Lesson 18 ).

INFINITIVE ENDING IN -MEK (E-DOTTED VERBS)

gelmek - to come - becomes - gel-e-yim - I better come
geleyim - let me come, I better come
gelesin - let you come, you should come along
gele - let him come, he should come
gelelim - let us come, we better come
gelesiniz - let you come, you come along
geleler - let them come, they ought to come too

INFINITIVE ENDING IN -MAK (A-DOTTED VERBS)


bakmak - to look - becomes - bak-a-yım - let me look
koşmak - to run - koşasın - let him run
bulmak - to find - bula - let him find
çıkmak - to leave - çıkalım - lets go!
kaçmak - to escape, to leave - kaçasınız - off you go!
korkmak - to be afraid - korkalar - let them fear

 Stems ending in vowels

In the case of verb stems which end in a vowel -(including all negative verbs) - then -ye or -ya is used - (buffer letter -y)
aramak - to look for - arayalım - [ara -ya -lım] - let us look for (it)
beklemek - to wait, to expect - bekleyeyim - [bekle -ye -yim] - let me wait etc.
The Negative Form of all the above then become:
gitmemek - not to go - gitmeyelim - lets not go
bakmamak - not to look - Ahmet mektubu bakmaya - Let Ahmet not look at the letter
-This is not an order but a wish - Hopefully Ahmet will not look at the letter, but
bulmamak - not to find - bulmayalar - Hopefully they won't find it.
beklememek - not to wait - beklemeyeyim - I'd better not wait.

Subjuctive - Interrogative

The Interrogative Particle mi? or mı? is written separately but obeys Vowel Harmony Rules:
geleyim mi? - should I come (too)?
yürüyelim mi? - should we walk?
yürümeyelim mi? - shouldn't we walk?
gideler mi? - Should they go (then)?

Subjunctive - Past Tense

The Past tense of the Subjunctive Mood gives the sense of: I wish that I had, If only we had, etc. And the negative: I wish that I hadn't, If only they hadn't.etc. Then adding the Definite Past Tense personal endings the to Subjunctive Mood base we arrive at:
gideydim [gide -idim] - if only I had gone
Ahmet gelmeyeydi [gelmeye -idi] - If only Ahmet hadn't come (along) - The spelling gelmiyeydi is also found.
arayaydık [araya -idik] - If only we had looked for (it)

Lesson 47:Conditional tense in Turkish. Conversation: At my house - Evimde

Let's see now a new tense: the Conditional tense.

Listen to this short conversation and try to guess verbs conjugated in conditional tense.

"Ablam evde yok mu Leyla? Nerede?
Bir arkadaşi ile sinemaya gitti.
Hangi sinemaya gittiler? Biliyormusun?
Kent sineması'na.
Ne zaman gittiler?
Biraz önce gittiler.Çabuk gidersen köşede yakalarsın.
Kaç dakika oldu?
On dakika kadar oldu.
Yakın bir sinema olsaydı giderdim.
Dolmuşla gidersen belki sinemanın önünde onları görürsün."

VOCABULARY/VOCABOLARIO

Sinemanın önünde: in front of the cinema - di fronte al cinema
Belki:  Perhaps - forse, magari


                                                                    GRAMMAR NOTES

As you all know, In English the Conditional Tenses are introduced by a little word:  if
In Turkish conditional - if - sentences are often introduced with the word -eğer - if or less commonly - şayet - lest, unless In Turkish these words are pointers alerting the listener that a Condition and Result are following.

The Conditional Suffixes.

The Turkish Conditional is characterized by the suffix -se- or -sa- (according to Vowel Harmony rules).
A simple example is - var - there is, there are - which becomes varsa - if there is, if there are - with the addition of the -sa Conditional Suffix.
The negative of course is based on: yok- there isn't, there aren't - which becomes: yoksa - if there isn't, if there aren't
Paranız varsa bana verin.- If you have (any) money (then) give it to me.
Bir araç yoksa burada kalalım. - If there isn't a vehicle (then) let's stay here.


The Conditional Tenses are formed by adding the Conditional Personal endings to the -(y)se- or -(y)sa- suffix to the verb in any suitable tense or mood. The mark of the Conditional Suffix follows Vowel Harmony Rules, therefore there are two forms -se or -sa to choose from. Some examples in differing Tenses and Moods are shown below to prove how Vowel Harmony affects the -se, -sa Conditional Suffix.

Personal suffixes will follow and attached to the conditional suffixes.
Look at the following examples and study them carefully:

If I- (verb)+sem or -sam example yaparsam - if I do
If you-(verb)+ sen or -san example giriyorsan - if you are entering
If he-(verb)+ se or -sa example kesilecekse - if it will be cut, if it is to be cut
[In our example above the verb is in its passive form - kesilmek- to be cut - from - kesmek - to cut]
If we-(verb)+ sek or -sak example anlaşmıyorsak - if we are not agreeing
If you-(verb)+ seniz or -saniz example mutlu olmayacaksanız - if you will not be happy
If they-(verb)+ seler or -salar example gelebilecekseler- if they will be able to come.


Let's see now the table of conjugation of the Conditonal tense:

Gelmek: To go

The Simple Present Conditional		The Present Continuous Conditional
gelsem	If I come	geliyorsam	If I am coming
yazsan	If you write	yazmıyorsan	If you are not writing
gülse	If he laughs	gülecekse	If he will laugh
içsek	If we drink	içiyorsak	If we are drinking
görebilirseniz	If you can see	görmüyorsanız	If you are not seeing
yapıyorsalar	If they are doing	yapabilirseler	If they can do

The Conditional Positive

Here are some examples of the main tenses in use of gelmek - to come - and - gelmemek - not to come

Simple Actual Conditional
gelsem	if I were to come
gelsen	if you were to come
gelse	if he were to comes
gelsek	if we usually come
gelseniz	if you were to come
gelseler	if they were to come

Present Continuous
geliyorsam	if I am coming
geliyorsan	if you are coming
geliyorsa	if he is coming
geliyorsak	if we coming
geliyorsanız	if you are coming
geliyorsalar	if they are coming

Simple Habitual
gelirsem	if I (usually) come
gelirsen	if you (usually) come
gelirse	if he (usually) comes
gelirsek	if we (usually) come
gelirseniz	if you (usually) come
gelirseler	if they (usually) come

Future Intention
geleceksem	if I (will) come
geleceksen	if you (will) come
gelecekse	if he (will) come
geleceksek	if we (will) come
gelecekseniz	if you (will) come
gelecekseler	if they (will) come

Past Reality
geldiysem	if I came
geldiysen	if you came
geldiyse	if he came
geldiysek	if we came
geldiyseniz	if you came
geldiyseler	if they came

Past Unreality
gelseydim	If only I had come
gelseydin	If only had come
gelseydi	If only had come
gelseydik	If only we had come
gelseydiniz	If only you had come
gelseydiler	If only they had come

Conditional Negative Tenses

Negative Simple Actual Conditional
gelmesem	if I were not to come
gelmesen	if you were not to come
gelmese	if he were to not comes
gelmesek	if we usually do not come
gelmeseniz	if you were not to come
gelmeseler	if they were not to come

Negative Present Continuous Conditional
gelmiyorsam	if I am not coming
gelmiyorsan	if you are not coming
gelmiyorsa	if he is not coming
gelmiyorsak	if we are not coming
gelmiyorsanız	if you are not coming
gelmiyorsalar	if they are not coming

Negative Simple Habitual Conditional
gelmezsem	if I (usually) do not come
gelmezsen	if you (usually) do not come
gelmezse	if he (usually) do not comes
gelmezsek	if we (usually) do not come
gelmezseniz	if you (usually) do not come
gelmezseler	if they (usually) do not come

Negative Future Conditional
gelmeyeceksem	if I (will) not come
gelmeyeceksen	if you (will) not come
gelmeyecekse	if he (will) not come
gelmeyeceksek	if we (will) not come
gelmeyecekseniz	if you (will) not come
gelmeyecekseler	if they (will) not come

Negative Past Real Conditional
gelmediysem	if I had not come
gelmediysen	if you had not come
gelmediyse	if he had not come
gelmediysek	if we had not come
gelmediyseniz	if you had not come
gelmediyseler	if they had not come

Negative Past Unreal Conditional
gelmeseydim	If only I had not come
gelmeseydin	If only you had not come
gelmeseydi	If only he had not come
gelmeseydik	If only we had not come
gelmeseydiniz	If only you not had come
gelmeseydiler	If only they had not come

Examples in other tenses

There are other tense form (such as the Inferential Tense) which are used in conditional sentences and one should learn to recognize the -se- or -sa- form of the verbal suffix to realize that the conditional - if - should be used.
Erken varırsanız, beklemelisiniz. - If you arrive early, you will have to wait.
Erken varırsanız, beklersiniz. - If you arrive early, you would have to wait.
Erken varsaydınız, bekleyecektiniz. - If you had arrived early, you would have had to wait.
Sana yardım edebilirlerse, yardım edecekler. - They will help you if they can.
Sana yardım etseler, yardım ederler. - They would help you if they could.
Sana yardım edebilseydiler, (yardım) ederlerdi. - [or edeceklerdi] -They would have helped you if they could have.
Fazla içersen sarhoş olursun. - If you drink too much you get drunk.
Çok çalışmazsan, sınavı geçemeyeceksin - Unless you work hard you will not be able to pass your test.
Sigara içmeyi bırakırsan, daha uzun yaşarsın. - If you stop smoking you will live longer.
Yağmur yağmasaydı dışarı çıkacaktık. - We would have gone out if it had stopped raining.
Eğer buradan gitseydim sana yazardım. - If I had gone away, I would have written to you.

Lesson 46 :Relative verbs and object participles formation. Passage: Turkey's geography- Türkiye'nin çografya

Thıs lesson will focus on the relative verbs and the object participles formation in Turkish.

This also is going to be a lesson a little bit longer than normal so please be patient and follow it carefully!!

Listen to this passage with attention.

" Bu, Türkiye haritasıdır. Türkiye üç tarafı denizlerle çevrilmiş bir yarımadadır. Kuzey'de Karadeniz, Batı'da Ege Denizi ve Güney'de Akdeniz vardır.
Türkiye Asya ve Avrupa kıtaları üzerinde kurulmuştur. Asya üzerindeki kısım Anadolu, Avrupa üzerindeki kısım ise Trakya'dır. Anadolu ile Trakya,yani Asya ile Avrupa birbirlerinden İstanbul ve Çanakkale Boğazları ile ayrılırlar.
Türkiye, kuzeydoğuda Rusya,doğuda İran, güneydoğuda Irak, güneyde Süriye, batıda Yunanistan ve kuzeybatıda Bulgaristan ile komşudur.
Türkiye Cumhuriyetle yönetilir. Yetmiş alttı tane il merkezi ve çok sayda ilçe ,merkezi vardır. En büyük ili İstanbul'dur. Boğazici Köprüsü de İstanbul'dadır. İki kıtayı birbirine  bağlayan bu köprünün uzunluğu bir kilometredir. Yaya olarak bir kıtadan diğerine geçmek ancak on beş dakika sürer.
Türkiye'nin iklimine gelince:
Güney'de hava, hemen hemen her mevsim sıcaktır ve denize girmek mümkündür.Kuzey bölgesi genellikle yağmurludur. Batıda yazın sıcak,kışın yağmur vardır. kar ender olarak yağar. Yağsa bile birkaç gün sonra kalkar. İç ve Doğu Anadolu Bölgeleri dağlık ve yüksektir. Bu nedenl yazın sıcak,kışın soğuk olur"


VOCABULARY/VOCABOLARIO

Harita:    Map - mappa,cartina geografica
Çevrilmiş: surrounded by - circondato
 Kuzey:      North - Nord
Batı:           West - Ovest
Güney:       South - Sud
Doğu:         East - Est
Karadeniz:  Back Sea - Mar Nero
Akdeniz:     Mediterranean Sea - Mare Mediterraneo
Ege Denizi: Aegean Sea - Mar Egeo
Kıta:            Continent - continente
Kısım:         Part,portion - parte
Boğaz:        Channel, Strait - Stretto ( geografico)
Güneydoğu: Southeast  - Sud-est
Yunanistan: Greece - Grecia
Suriye:          Syria  - Siria
Yönetmek:    To govern - governare, dirigere
Köprü:          Bridge - ponte
Mümkün:    Possible - possibile
Kar:            Snow - neve
Ender olarak:  Rarely,seldom - di rado
Bu nedenle: For this reason - per questo motivo.


                                                                      GRAMMATICAL NOTES

Let's see now in detail the relative verbs and the object participles formation.

A participle is an adjective which is formed from a verb - and as such it precedes the noun which it describes.
Being a relative participle then it can also serve as a noun and therefore have the personal suffixes and the suffixes of declension added thus forming a relative clause.

RELATIVE VERBS

Participle + Possessive Suffix - Noun - Verb

Look at these examples:

• Oturduğum [Otur-duğ-um] ev budur. - This is the house in which I live.
• En çok sevdiğin [sev-diğ-in ] yemek nedir? - What is the food that you like best?
• Yazdığı [Yaz-dığ-ı] mektubu aldım. - I have received the letter that he wrote.
• Geldiğimiz [Gel-diğ-imiz] araba çalınmış. - The car in which we came has been stolen, they say.
• Beğendiğiniz [Beğen-diğ-iniz] kumaşı bulamadım. - I could not find the material that you liked.
• Yaptıkları [Yap-tık-ları] iyiliği unutamayacağım. - I shall not be able to forget the kindness that they have shown.

This participle, which is used for present as well as past time, is identical with the first person plural of the past definite tense, but a possessive suffix (for person) is added to make it equivalent to a relative pronoun. The final -k mutates to -ğ before the possessive suffix, except in the plural.

 

1. Oturduğum ev budur. - This is the house in which I live.
2. Oturduğun ev budur. - This is the house in which you live.
3. Oturduğu ev budur. - This is the house in which he lives.
4. Oturduğumuz ev budur. - This is the house in which we live.
5. Oturduğunuz ev budur. - This is the house in which you live.
6. Oturdukları ev budur. - This is the house in which they live.

We already know that adjectives can stand in place of nouns in Turkish, so if we take a further example, showing how this happens:
Ahmet, söylediğim cevabı beğenmemiş -  Ahmet seemed not to like the answer that I spoke. - here the participle - söylediğim - that which I spoke - is used as an adjective to describe - cevap - answer (which is in the objective case - cevabı, as an object of the final verb - beğenmemiş - not to like (apparently)
However we can make the relative adjective into a noun (a relative pronoun) and put this replacing noun into the objective case:
Ahmet, söylediğimi beğenmemiş - Mehmet seemed not to like what I said.

The Participle used as a Noun

Let us give some examples in all persons ( all these relative pronouns are in the objective case as a direct object of the verb - beğenmemiş:

1. Ahmet, söylediğimi beğenmemiş -  Ahmet did not like what I said.
2. Ahmet, söylediğini beğenmemiş -  Ahmet did not like what you said.
3. Ahmet, söylediği beğenmemiş -  Ahmet did not like what he said.
4. Ahmet, söylediğimizi beğenmemiş -  Ahmet did not like what we said.
5. Ahmet, söylediğinizi beğenmemiş -  Ahmet did not like what you said.
6. Ahmet, söylediklerini beğenmemiş -  Ahmet did not like what they said.

Object Participle Formation

The -mek or -mak is dropped from the Infinitive of the Verb and is replaced by the suffix -dik - which is subject to vowel harmony.

The E-Dotted Vowels

gelmek - to come becomes geldik - that came/that which is coming
gülmek - to laugh becomes güldük - that laughed/that which laughs

The A-UnDotted Vowels

bakmak - to look becomes baktık - that looked at/that which looks at
okumak - to exit becomes okuduk - that read
Generally this participle is not used in its pure form as above but is always personalized. This participle just happens to be the same as the 1st Person Plural of the Simple Past Definite Tense - (with suffix -dik/-tik or -dık/-tık or -duk/-tuk or -dük/-tük according to Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules) - but as it seldom used in its pure form then it is not possible to mistake it. Also being a Participle [a Verbal Adjective], it describes a noun so therefore it precedes its noun, and as it is not a verb then it does not stand last in final position in the sentence. From this is becomes easier to recognize it as a verbal adjective by its position in any sentence.

Object Participle Usage

This -dik suffix is often difficult to recognize as it has so many forms due to Vowel Harmony operating in its internal vowel, and Consonant Mutation operating on both the initial -d and the terminal -k
The -dik, -duk, -dık, -dük - Participle is subject to both Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules.
So you can find -tik, -tuk, -tık, -tük. If a further suffix with a vowel is added the the final -k is also subject to Consonant Mutation: -diği, -duğu, -dığı, -düğü or -tiği, -tuğu, -tığı, -tüğü

 Examples

bulmak - to find - Bulduğum şapka - The hat which I found.
seçmek - to choose - Seçtiğin kitap - The book that you are choosing/chose
görmek - to see - Gördüğü araba - The car that he sees/saw
yazmak - to write - Yazdığımız mektup - The letter that we are writing/that we wrote
demek - to say - Dediğiniz gibi - Like (what) you say/said
sevmek - to like - Sevdikleri dondurma - The ice cream that they liked.
Bulduğum mendil beyazdır - The handkerchief that I found is white.
Yazdığımız mektuplar buradadır - The letters that we wrote are here.
Çalıştığım büro (ofis) kapalı - The office where I work is closed/ The office where I worked is closed.
Söyledikleri mantıklıdır - What they are saying/said is/was sensible.

Participle examples

Relative Object Participles - showing English Object Participle - Past and Present tenses

1. Doğduğum şehri ziyaret ettim
I visited the city where I was born.
2. Bana verdiğin parayı kaybettim
I have lost the money that you gave me.
3. Bu pencereden gördüğünüz evler çok iyi yapılmıştır
The houses (which/that) you see from this window are very well built.
4. Erkek kardeşimin binmiş olduğu bisiklet bir ağacın yanında duruyordu
The bicycle (which/that) my brother had been riding was standing near a tree.
5. İlk karşılaştığımız yeri hatırlıyor musun?
Do you remember the place where we first met?
6. Benim ofisimde gördüğün adam arkadaşımın babası idi
The man (whom/that) you saw in my office was the father of my friend.

Future Objective Participle

This Participle in its simple consists of the verb stem with the addition of the Future Tense Sign -ecek or -acak. The -mek or -mak is dropped from the Infinitive of the Verb and is replaced by the suffix -ecek - which is subject to vowel harmony.
gelmek - to come - gelecek - that will come
gülmek - to laugh - gülecek - that will laugh
bakmak - to look - bakacak - that will look
çıkmak - to exit - çıkacak - that will go out
This -ecek/-acak future participle can be used in its pure form and also personalized. This participle just happens to be the same as the 3rd person singular of the Future Tense but it is not possible to mistake it , as being an adjective it is never last in the sentence - but usually modifies a noun.
Yarınki yapacağım iş önemli - The work that I will do tomorrow is (will be) important
Yapılabilecek bir sey yok (yap -il -ebil -ecek) - There is nothing (from a future aspect) that can be done

Subject Participle -en/-an

A participle is an adjective so it describes a noun and therefore always precedes the noun (or noun phrase) that it describes, so the subject participle describes or signifies the person/thing who is doing something.., i.e. the subject of the sentence:
Çalan zil- The bell which is ringing.. This description itself can be an Object of another verb:
Çalan zili duyabilirim - I can hear the bell which is ringing.
Çalan zili duyabilirdim - I could hear the bell which was ringing.
The passive of çalmak is çalınmak. so the above sentence in the Passive is:
Çalınan zili duyabilirim - I can hear the bell that is being rung.
Çalınan zili duyabilirdim - I could hear the bell that was being rung.
We can also see from the above examples that the -an/-en Subject Participle, being an adjective, does not show the tense. The tense is taken from the main verb at the end of the sentence.


In the nex lesson we will see other participle patterns.

TRY TO MEMORIZE THESE CONSTRUCTION AS BETTER AS YOU CAN!!!