Lesson 37:The Past Perfect Tense part 2-Interrogative and interrogative- negative form

In the previous lesson we learnt how to conjugate the Turkish Past Perfect Tense in affirmative and negative form.

Let's see now how to obtain the interrogative form and the interrogative-negative form.
To do so I recommend to jump back to Lesson 24 for a moment and have a look at the suffixes used to form the past tense of the verb TO BE.
These suffixes will be used to build the interrogative form as well as the interrogative-negative form.
You may also want to review the Lesson 34 in order to bear in mind the rules to apply to conjugate the reported past tense and its forms.

INTERROGATIVE FORM

Infinitive stem  +
Reported Past suffixes  ( -miş -müş -mış -muş  )+
Interrogative particles   ( -mi  -mü   -mı   -mu  ) +
Personal suffixes in past tense (see Lesson 24 for details) preceded by the buffer "y"

Let's better explain with a few examples:

Had you talked to him before?     Onunla önceden konusmuş  muydunuz?

Had she seen the doctor before?   Doktoru önceden görmüş müydü?

Had they ever worked there?        Orada çalışmış mıydılar hiç?

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE FORM


Infinitive stem +
Negative particles         -me    -ma
Reported Past suffixes  -miş   -mış  +
Interrogative particles   -mi    -mı   +
Personal suffixes in past tense  preceded by the buffer "y" as the following chart:

After the negative particle    -me                                 
ydim                                  
ydin
ydi
ydik     
ydiniz
ydiler

After the negative particle  -ma
ydım
ydın
ydı
ydık
ydınız
ydılar

A few examples:

Hadn't you talked to him before? :       Onunla önceden konuşmamış mıyıdın?

Hadn't he already seen the director ?    Müdürünü henuz görmemiş miydi?

Different colors have been used to highlight the different suffixes used in this tense.

You can try to conjugate other verbs in Past Perfect Tense.You will realize that despite the number of suffixes used it is not that difficult.

Lesson 36:The Past Perfect Tense part 1-Affirmative and negative form-Conversation:"A message"

In this lesson we will focus on the Past Perfect Tense in Turkish.
This compund tense is used to express an action which took place before another action in the past.



Listen to this passage carefully and try to guess the verbs in Past Perfect Tense.
You will find other different verbal forms we haven't touched yet.Disregard them for a moment and focus on the Past perfect tense.

"Ben sabahleyin evden çıkarken masanın üstünde bir mesaj bırakmıştım,gördün mü?
Hayır görmedim.Ne yazmıstın?
Kızımla ilgiliydi.Çıkmdan önce ona söylemek istemiştim ama uyuyordu.
Ne yazmıştın söylermisin lütfen?
Ben gelinceye kadar evde oturmasını istemiştim.
İyi ama.Ben uyandığım zaman o okula gitmişti.Onun için görüşemedik.
Neyse zarar yok. Ben bieaz sonra geleceğim zaten.Şimdilik hoşçakal.
Güle güle!! Geçikme."


VOCABULARY/VOCABOLARIO

Sabahleyin: In the morning - di mattina
Bırakmak:  To leave (sth) - lasciare (qualcosa)
-ile ilgili: related to, with regard to - a proposito di, che si riferisce a.
Zarar yok: Never mind, don't worry - nessun problema
Zaten:  anyway - comunque
Geçikmek: To be late - ritardare, essere in ritardo  (here geçikme  is in imperative form: don't be late)
Evden çıkarken:  While getting out - mentre uscivo di casa


                                                             GRAMMATICAL NOTES

The construction of the Past Perfect Tense in Turkish is quite simple and is based upon the Reported tense conjugation we already met in Lesson 34 I recommend to have a look at since the rules are pretty much the same except for an additional specific suffix required to form this tense.
The suffix is a " t" which is placed between the reported tense's suffix ( -miş  -mış  -müş  -muş) and the personal suffixes.

This explanation could appear a bit complicate but it's extremely simple.

A couple of examples will clear any doubt.


AFFERMATIVE FORM

                                                     base        past suffix    Past perfect suffix            Personal suffix

I had gone:                     (Ben)    git             miş                      t                                           im

Gitmiştim

They had gone               (onlar)  git              miş                   ler                                           di 

Gitmişlerdi

She had read                   (o)     Oku            muş                   t                                              u

Okumuştu



NEGATIVE FORM

The negative form is obtained by placing the negative suffix   -ma   -me  between the base and the past suffix   ( -mış -miş )   respectively.

A few examples will help better understand:

He hadn't gone:           Gitmemisti

We hadn't seen him:   Onu görmemiştik

You hadn't taken it:    Onu almamıştınız

They hadn't spoken to him:  Onunla konuşmamışlardı


Needless to remind you here that the negative suffixes  -ma  -me  are not chosen at random but are linked to the infinitive stem, according to vowel harmony rule.
At this stage this concept should be clear  but it is useful to refresh it from time to time.


( End of part 1)

Lesson 35:The Present Perfect in Turkish

                                                      
The PRESENT PERFECT TENSE has no specific verbal pattern in Turkish as it does in English.
Indeed we should say that this tense does not exist in Turkish as a verbal tense but there is correspondance  to some extent between the Turkish Simple Past Tense - Geçmiş zaman or  the Reported past tense - Belirsiz geçmis zaman  and the Present Perfect tense as we intend it in English.
Whatever in English is expressed in Present Perfect tense  in Turkish is expressed in Simple Past tense or Reported past tense.
The key to understand whether  a Turkish sentence in simple past tense or reported past  is equivalent to an English Present perfect is  the presence of some specific adverbs which indicate that an action started in the past still produces its effects in the present.

Among these adverbs the most important are:

Yeni:  Just, already  (it also means "new", depending on the context).
Henuz: Not yet
Hala:    Yet

A model of sentence which can be translated in Present perfect is the following.

O henuz gelmedi  - He hasn't arrived yet.


O henuz   gelmemiş   -   He reportedly hasn't arrived yet

As you may notice, the Turkish sentences are in simple past tense and reported past respectively.They have been both translated in English using the Present Perfect tense.


  

Lesson 34: Reported past tense -belirsiz geçmiş zaman- affirmative, negative, interrogative forms.Reading passage:Nejat's father

We had  already hinted at the REPORTED PAST -BELIRSİZ GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN- in Lesson 33.
In this new lesson we will enter into more details as it is very much used.

Listen to this passage  carefully a couple of time  then read it aloud.

" Nejat'ın babası çok iyi ve değerli bir adammış. Ankara'da oturuyormuş. Dün Nejat bir telegram almış.Telegrafta " Babam çok hasta, acele gel" diyorlarmiş. Tabii Nejat çok üzülmüş. Derhal Ankara'ya hareket etmiş. İstasyonda Hasan'ı görmüş ama konuşmamış, yalnız selam vermiş, çünkü çok heyecanlıymış. Acele acele gidiyormuş."

VOCABULARY/VOCABOLARIO

Değerli:               Valuable - stimato
Selam vermek :   To greet - salutare
üzülmek:             To be sorry - dispiacersi
Heyecanlı:           Excited - eccitato
Oturmak:             Here: to live (to sit) - Abitare, sedere, sedersi.



                                               GRAMMATICAL NOTES

The REPORTED PAST, or Belirsiz geçmiş zaman is use to express actions reportedly occurred in the past according to the pattern  "It seems that...." or similar expressions.
This tense is generally used while reporting actions or events in which the teller was not a direct witness.
The REPORTED PAST is obtained by adding specific suffixes to the infinitive stem (infinitive without -MEK or -MAK).
It is of great importance to point out as from now that those suffixes are used to build other tenses in which the idea of reported action is given.

These suffixes are  -miş  -müş   -mış  -muş  depending on the verb.

Rounded verb ( infinitives ending in -MEK) take  -miş   or   -müş   as unrounded verb (infinitives ending in -MAK) take  -mış  or muş.
The choice depends on the dominant vowel of the stem.
To sum up:

AFFIRMATIVE FORM

• Stem dominant vowel:  -i   -e     Suffix:  -miş
• Stem dominant vowel: -ü   -ö     Suffix: -müş
•  Stem dominant vowel: -a  -ı     Suffix: -mış
•  Stem dominant vowel: -u  -o     Suffix: -muş

Of course pesonal suffıxes will follow to conjugate the tense in all  persons.
The choiche of personal suffixes goes by the vowel harmony rule.See Lesson 28 as the suffixes are the same as Simple present tense except for the 3rd person singular where there is no personal suffix to be attached.

A few examples  will help uderstand this rule:

He (reportedly) went to Ankara:     O Ankara'ya gitmiş   
They (reportedly) died in a car accident:     Onlar bir yol kazasında ölmüşler
It seems that you arrived late:                      Siz geç varmışsınız

NEGATIVE FORM

Lıkewise the other tenses a "m" is to be attached between the infnitive stem and the past suffix.

Examples:

They (reportedly) have not arrived yet:    Onlar henuz gelmemişler
She seems not to have phoned his  boss:  O müdürüne telefon etmemiş

INTERROGATIVE FORM

The interrogative form is obtained in the same way as  the INTERROGATIVE FORM of the Simple present tense.
We will need to add one of the interrogative particles  -mi  -mı  -mü  -mu after the verb in reported tense and before the pronominal suffixes (see Lesson 29).

Examples:

Did you (reportedly) see him?      Onu görmüş müsün?
Has he (reportedly) arrived?          O Gelmiş mi?

INTERROGATIVE- NEGATIVE FORM

Combine together the negative and the interrogative form.
Examples:

Hasn't he (reportedly) arrived?         O gelmemiş  mi?
Didnit they (reportedly) pay the bill?   Hesap odememişler mi?









 

Lesson 33: Past continuous tense - affirmative, negative, interrogative forms.Conversation:Nejat travels to Ankara

In this lesson we will focus on the Past Continuous Tense.

Listen to this conversation carefully.
This conversation will also provide the input for another kind of past tense that will the object of the next lesson while talking about " REPORTED PAST" or "BELIRSIZ GEÇMİŞ ZAMAN"

" Dün akşam Nejat telefon etti. Ankara'ya gidiyormuş.
Niçin?
Sen duymadın mı?
Neyi?
Dün bir telegram almış. Babası ağır hastaymış.
Şimdi anladım.Demin yolda gördüm. Acele acele gidiyordu.
Bir şey söyledi mi?
Hayır yalnız selam verdi. Ne zaman ankara'ya hareket ediyormuş?
Derhal hareket etmiş."

VOCABULARY/VOCABOLARIO

Duymak (also işitmek):  To hear - sentire  
Niçin:   Why? - perche?
Neyi?:   What -  che cosa?
Gidiyormuş: He is reportedly going.... - Pare stia andando.... (this is a case of REPORTED PAST)
Gidiyordu: Was going - stava andando
Demin: A short while ago - un momento fa, un attimo fa
Derhal: Right away, straight away - immediatamente, subito
Hareket etmek: To go,to leave, to be on the move - Andare, partire.


                                                               GRAMMATICAL NOTES

Before we start analizing the Past continuous tense let's have a look at  Lesson 20 for a moment.
Do you remember the present continuous tense? Well, we have to use this tense as the base to build the Past Continuous Tense and its forms as the rules stay the same.
The past continuous tense is part of the Turkish  "Şimdiki zaman" and describes an action which was taking place in a specific lapse of time in the past.
The contruction of this tense is indeed quite simple and requires the simple attachment to the Present continuous tense conjugation of the following personal  past suffixes:

-DUM   -DUN    -DU    -DUK    -DUNUZ   -DULAR  or  -LARDI 

It's of some importance remark here that suffixes here do not obey to the vowel harmony rule and are unique regardless the suffixes used to form the Present continuous tense from which this tense stems.

A few examples will help better understand this rule:

AFFIRMATIVE FORM

I was going:    Gidiyordum      Gid (infinitive base)  + iyor (present continuos suffix) + dum (personal suffix in past tense)

More examples:

I was reading the newspaper:   Gazeteyi okuyordum

We were crossing the bridge:  Köprüden  geçiyorduk

They were watching tv:           Tv'yi  seyrediyorlardı.

Quite easy isn't it?


NEGATIVE FORM

The negative form obeys to the same rules of the Present continuos tense as illustrated in Lesson 20
We will only ned to attach a "m" right after the infinitive base and the negative sentence is done.
Here the are a few examples:

I wasn't going to school:   Okula gitmiyordum

You weren't doing your homeworks:  ödevinizi  yapmıyordunuz.



INTERROGATIVE FORM and INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE FORM

Again look at  Lesson 20  for the contruction of these forms.
Here there are a few examples of interrogative and inerrogative-negative form of Pas continuous:

Were you going to school? : Okula gidiyor muydun?

Were we playing football?   Top oynuyor muyduk?

Weren't you talk to the manager? : Sefle/müdürle konusmuyor muydunuz?

Lesson 32: Simple Past tense - Belirli geçmiş zaman part 2-Negative and interrogative form-Reading passage:"Pazar günü"

In this lesson we will continue on Simple past tense analizing now the negative and the interrogative form.

Listen to this passage carefully a couple of time then read it aloud several times in order to improve your reading skills.

" Dün pazardı.Hava güneşliydi ve herkes evdeydi.Ayla'nın babası işte değildi.Ağabeyi de okulda değildi.Fakat annesi hastaydı ve yataktaydı.Onun için dün yemekleri Ayla yaptı.Ayla önce annesine  bir çorba pişirdi.Fakat çorba sıcaktı ve az tuzluydu.Annesi onu dah sonra içti.Babası hasta değildi,iyiydi.O çorba içmedi.Yalnız pilav yedi.Yemek saat onikide hazırdı.Herkes saat onikide sofradaydı.Sofrada her şey iyiydi ve ekmek tazeydi.
Ayla'nın küçük kardeşi bütün gün sokaktaydı.Top oynadı. Fakat ağabeyi evde,odasındaydı.Sınavı vardı.Ders çalıştı.
Ayla akşam çok yorgundu.Erken yattı ve hemen uyudu."


Vocabulary/Vocabolario

Dün:  Yesterday - ieri
Ayla:  Female name - nome di donna
Ağabey: Elderly brother - fratello maggiore
Fakat:    But - ma
Çorba:   Kind of soup - potage,minestra
Yatak:   Bed - letto
Yalnız:  Only, just - soltanto
Pilav:    Rice - riso
içmek:   to drink - bere
Sofra:    Table - tavola
Ekmek:  Bred - pane
Taze:      fresh - fresco (di cibi)
Yatmak:  to go to bed - andare a letto
Erken:    early - presto


                                                                 GRAMMATICAL NOTES

NEGATIVE FORM

The negative form of the simple present tense is really easy to obtain.
It is sufficient to append the particle "me"or "ma"  between the infinitive base and the group "past - personal suffix".The choice  depend on the infinitive pattern:
We will attach "me" to  infinitive bases  whose pattern ends  in  -MEK, and "ma" to those ending in  -MAK
A few examples to better understand the rule:

I didn't come:     Gelmedim       Gelmek 

She didn't read:  Okumadı        Okumak

It is appropriate to remind you that in building sentences in negative form you will have to apply all the rules already met in the affirmative form to conjugate all the persons.
The only difference is the position of the additional particle "me"or "ma" into the verbal form.


 INTERROGATIVE FORM

The interrogative form  is obtained by adding the interrogative particles   -mi  -mı  -mü  -mu  at the end of the sentence in affirmative form.
The choice of the particle depends on the verb and occurs according the wovel harmony.

A few examples will help better understand:

Did we go?    Gittik mi?

Did she die?   Öldü mü?

Did we work?  Çalıştık mı?

Did I sleep?     Uyudum mu?

It is very easy to figure out which interrogative particle you have to use. Just look at the dominant (final) vowel of the verb in simple past tense and pick up the interrogative particle with the same vowel.


INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE FORM

Very easy to form.
Take the simple past tense negative form and add the interrogative particle at the end of the sentence applying the same rule as the interrogative form.

Examples.

Didn't we go?    Gelmedik  mi?

Didn't they drink:  İçmediler mi?

Didn't you play footbal ?  Top oynamadınız mı?

Lesson 31: Simple Past tense - Belirli geçmiş zaman part 1-Affirmative form-Conversation:bir seyahat

In this lesson we will focus on Simple Past tense.

Listen to this passage carefully.

" Affedersiniz, dün sizi aradım,bulamadım. Evde değildiniz.Nerdeydiniz?
Dün evde değildim çünkü geçen hafta seyahate çıktım.
Nereye gittiniz?
Bursa'ya gittim.
Kiminle gittiniz? yalniz mi gittiniz?
Yalniz gitmedim.Kız arkadaşımla birlikte gittik.
Bir arkadaşım Bursa'da her yer dolu dedi.Siz nasıl yer buldunuz?
Bir seyahat acentasında arkadaşım var.Ona telefon ettim.O bana yardım etti.
Kaç gün kaldınız? Nerede kaldınız?
Beş gün kaldık.Otelde kaldık.Otel çok temizdi.Çok memnun kaldık.Otobüs rahattı,yemekler lezzetliydi.
Bu seyahat size kaça mal oldu?
Aşağı yükarı iki milyar  lira harcadık ama çok memnunuz.Çok eğlendik ve dinlendik

Vocabulary/Vocabolario

Aramak: To look for - cercare

Bulmak: To find - trovare

Geçen hafta: Last week - la scorsa settimana

Seyahate cıkmak: To take a trip -partire per un viaggio

birlikte: Together - insieme

Her yer: everywhere - ovunque

Yardım etmek: To help - aiutare

Memnun kalmak: To be happy, to be satisfied - restare contento

Rahat: Comfortable - comodo, tranquillo

Lezzetli: delicious, moutherwatering - saporito, gustoso

Mal olmak: To cost - costare

Harcamak: To spend - spendere

Eğlenmek: To enjoy - divertirsi

Dinlenmek: to rest - riposarsi

GRAMMAR NOTES

The Simple Past tense (Belirli geçmiş zaman) is used in Turkish to express a determined action which took place in the past.

To form the Simple Past tense  we use specific suffixes to append between the infinitive root and the proniminal suffix.

The suffixes used to form ths simple past tense are linked to the final suffix of the infinitive mode as well as the dominant vowel of the infinitive root.

The simple past suffixes to be attached to the infinitive base are the following:

-di  -dü    -ti    -tü   for the rounded verbs (infinitive ending in -MEK)

-dı  -du  -tı  -tu  for the unrounded verbs (infinitive ending in -MAK)

The mutation of "d" into "t" occurs when the infinitive root ends in one of the voiceless consonants:

S, Ş, Ç, T, K, H, P, F

Once we have determined which is the appropriate suffix to  use, then we attach the appropriate personal suffix and at this stage it is very easy to conjugate a verb into simple past tense.

A few examples will help better understand:

It would be redundant to repeat how to append the personal suffixes as the vowel harmony rule should be very clear to you all at this point.

It is also appropriate to remind you that we can omit the subject ( personal pronouns) while forming a sentence.

Sevmek (to love)                Past tense suffix :     di

I loved:    Sevdim

You loved: Sevdin

He, she, it loved: Sevdi

We loved: Sevdik

You loved: Sevdiniz

They loved: Sevdiler

Harcamak: To spend       Past tens suffix:    -dı

I Spent :                   Harcadım

You spent:               Harcadın

He,she, it spent:      Harcadı

We spent:                Harcadık

You spent:               Harcadınız

They spent:              Harcadılar

Gülmek (to laugh)           Past tense suffix:   -dü

I laughed:                     Güldüm  

You laughed:                Güldün

He,she,it laughed:        Güldü

We laughed:                 Güldük

You laughed:                Güldünüz

They laughed:              Güldüler

 As for the compound verbs, those composed by a noun plus ETMEK ( these verbs are derived mostly from arabic nouns), it is appropriate to point out that only the second term ETMEK is to be conjugated according the rules we have just mentioned.

It is also appropriate to point out that the past tense suffixes regardless the tense,can be used to render the meaning of simple past tense to nouns, adjectives and adverbs as well.
As we will see in studying the other forms of past tenses where this rule is applicable, the suffixes atteched to noun, adverbs and adjectives render the meaning of the past tenses of the verb TO BE.We already touched this topic in  Lesson 24.
Needless to remind you that in this case the suffixes' choice occurs in accordance with th vowel harmony rule.

 

You can try with other verbs always bearing in mind the key rules tto form the Simple past tense.

As a drill put into Simple past tense the following verbs:

Yardım etmek,  Seyahat etmek,  Kalmak,  Aramak, Bulmak

Lesson 30: Telling the time - Saat Kaç?

In Turkish telling the time is  considered along two dimensions:

1. Announcing the time
2. Setting the time

In the first case we have then to consider whether the time is at the point, before the point or after the point.
The distinction is important because of the different expressions used to tell the time.
Let's see them in detail.
 First of all the  most common expression used to ask for the time is:

SAAT  KAÇ?       What time is it?

At this stage we have to explain how to tell the time in the three different cases.

• At the point:

Examples:

Saat üç       It's three o' clock

Saat altı     It's six o' clock

• Before the point (before the hour or half-hour)

In this case we have to decline the hour into DATIVE and use the unipersonal verb VAR, we already met while explaining the verb TO HAVE.

A couple of examples will help better understand:

Saat  üçe  on var         It's  ten to three

We appended to the hour the dative suffix  -e (remember the vowel harmony) and then put VAR at the end of the sentence.

Saat altıya    yirmi var                 It's  twenty to six.

Here we attached the dative suffix  -(y)a to the hour (again iaw vowel harmony plus the eufonic "y")

• After the point (after the hour and before the half-hour)

In this case we have to decline the hour into ACCUSATIVE  and use the 3rd person singular of present continuous tense of the verb GEÇMEK  (To pass) : GEÇİYOR

A couple of examples will  hopefully clear all doubts.

Saat yediyi on geçiyor    It's ten past seven.

Saat  dokuzu onbeş geçiyor       It's quarter past nine.

In this case we used  the accusative suffixes -(y)i   and  -u.


2. SETTING THE TIME

• At the point

In this case we decline the hour into LOCATIVE (remember the vowel harmony)

Examples:

Saat ikide           At two  o' clock

Saat altıda          At six o' clock

We used here the locative suffixes  -de   and   -da.

• Before the point

In setting the time before the point we do the same as to tell the time before the point plus replacing the word VAR with a derivation of the verb KALMAK (to stay) - KAL.
A few examples will clear any doubt:

Saat beşe  on  kala                 At ten to five

Saat  sekize   yirmi   kala      At  twenty to eight

In setting the time before the point, we decline in DATIVE  the hour and add KAL at the end of the sentence.

• After the point

In setting the time after the point we use the same patten as in announcing the time after the point.
Therefore hour will be declined into ACCUSATIVE and again we will use a derivation of the verb
GEÇMEK   -GEÇE-  to place at the end of the phrase.

A couple of examples:

Saat ikiyi on geçe     At ten past two                            

Saat  bire   sekiz  geçe  At ten past one.

There are other time expressions of common use to indicate the quarter and the half-hours such as:

Çeyrek:   Quarter
Yarım saat: Half an hour
Büçük : This is used to indicate the half- hour at the point ( ex.  Saat iki büçük: 2.30)


As a drill, write in Turkish the following time expressions:

It's    3.45
It's    9.20
At 7.25
At 10.10

Lesson 29: Simple present tense - Geniş zaman- Interrogative forms- The letter Ğ and its use

In Lesson 28 we learned how to conjugate verbs in Simple present tense - in Turkish " Geniş zaman"-.
in affermative and negative forms.

In this unit we will focus on the interrogative form and the interrogative- negative form as well as the use of a special letter  -the Turkish Ğ- also known as "Yumuşak ge".

Let's  get back to the simple present tense and its remaining forms.

To obtain the interrogative form we have to take as a base the 3rd person singular of the Simple present tense, then make it follow by one of  interrogative particles   -mi  -mı  -mu  -mü, which is not appended to the verb but its choice occurs according to the vowel harmony rule, so depending on the dominant (final) vowel of the base.
The third and last step is to attach to the interrogative particles the personal suffixes bearing in mind also in this case the vowel harmony for the chiuce of the appropriate suffixes.

A few examples will help better understand:

Gitmek: To go

Base:             Gider   ( Simple present tense 3rd person singular)

Note: the letter "t" of the infinitive base mutates into " d " for eufonic reasons.This rule applies whenever an infinitive root ends in t.

Interrogative particle :  mi  ( final vowel of "gider" is "e")

Now let's append the personal suffixes and the interrogative form is done!

Do I go? :                           Gider miyim?
Do you go?:                       Gider  misin?
Does she, he,it go?:           Gider mi?
Do we go?:                        Gider miyiz?
Do you go?:                       Gider misiniz?
Do they go?:                      Giderler mi?

Quite easy, isn't it?

You can try with other verbs always bearing in mind the grammatical key rules which play a fundamental role in the conjugation of this tense.

Let's move on and let's see how to build the interrogative-negative form.

It's not that difficult!
We have to consider now the negative form of the simpl present tense
You have to pick now the negative particle    -MEZ  or   -MAZ  and repeat the same steps we followed for the interrogative form.
Only exception here is the fact that the interrogative particle will be   -mi   or  -mı  depending on the negative particle .

Let's  do an example:

Okumak:  To read

Base:   Okumaz    ( Simple present tense 3rd person singular negative form)

Again, lets attach the personal suffixes as follows:

Don't I read?                          Okumaz mıyım?
Don't you read?                     Okumaz  mısın?
Doesn't he,she read?              Okumaz  mı?
Don't we read?                       Okumaz mıyız?
Don't you read?                      Okumaz mısınız?
Don't they read?                     Okumazlar mı?

Conjugate the following verbs in Simple present tense affirmative/negative/interrogative and interrogative-negative form:

Uyumak - Kalmak - Görmek - Yazmak - Gelmek



                                            ~~~~~~~~THE LETTER  Ğ ~~~~~~~~~~

This letter is unique and you won't meet it other than in Turkish. The letter ğ represents different sounds in different positions.
The value of this letter also known as "Yumuşak ge" depends on its position in the word.

When ğ occurs in a syllable with front unrounded vowels "i" and "e", the resulting sound is equivalent to "y".

Examples:

Iğne       /iyne/      needle

Değil    / deyil/     not


When ğ occurs in a syllable with front rounded or with back vowels it produces a hiatus between the vowels, as in the following examples:

Sağa      /sa-a/    to the right

Ağaç     /a-aç/    tree

Passage 28: Simple present tense - Geniş zaman- Affirmative and negative form

This passage tells about Mr.  and   Mrs.  Yenisu and thei activity.

IN THIS LESSON WE WILL FOCUS ON SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE AND ITS USE


"  Bay ve Bayan yenisu İstanbul'da otururlar. Bayan Yenisu bir laboratuvarda kimyager, Bay Yenisu bir reklam şirketinde reklamcı olarak çalışır.
Bay Yenisu sık sık iş seyahatine çıkar.Bayan yenisu yalnız kalır, fakat hiç sıkılmaz ve ilginç şeyler bulur.
Bayan Yenisu genellikle caz sever, klasik müsikten hoşlanır ve yabancı filmleri seyreder. Bazen Alman lokantasına gider ve Alman yemekleri yer.Haftada sonlarında tenıs oynar, çok yorulur ve duş alır.
Akşamları uyumadan önce kitap okur. O, genellikle macera kitaplarını sever.Eşi ona her hafta bir kitap satın alır.
Bay Yenisu sabahları erken kalkar,arabasıyla işe gider,çok çalışır ve akşam eve döner.
Akşam yemeğinden sonra, kısa bir süre televizyon seyreder ve sonra uyur.
Onlar Cumartesi akşamları birlikte yemeğe çıkarlar, dans ederler ve arkadaşlarını ziyaret ederler."

Vocabulary/ Vocabolario

Laboratuvar:    laboratory  - laboratorio
Kimyager :       Chemist  - chimico
Reklam şirketi: Advertising agency - agenzia pubblcitaria
Sık sık:              Often  - spesso, di frequente
ış seyahati :       Businnes trip
Yalnız kalmak: To stay alone - restare da soli
Caz:                   jazz
Macera:            Adventure - avventura
Yorulmak:        To get tired - stancarsi
 


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~GRAMMAR  NOTES~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The simple present tense, in Turkish " Geniş Zaman" is used to express indefinite but habitual actions and statements of general validity.

The simple present tense is generally introduced by tipical time expressions such as

• Daima         (always)
• Her zaman  (every time)
• Her gün       (every day)
• Her ay         (every month)
• Genellikle   (generally)
• Normal olarak  (normally)
• Asla              (never)

And other expressions rendering the meaning of habitual actions.

The formation of  the simple present tense in Turkish occurs according to the following scheme:

BASE  +    PRESENT TENSE PARTICLE  +  PERSONAL SUFFIXES.

The base consists of the infinitive without  -MAK  or  -MEK

The present tense particle to be placed between  the base and the personal suffixes  is one of the following:

-ir     -er      -ür    for  infinitives ending in   -MEK

-ar    -ır       -ur   for  infinitives ending in    -MAK


Once we have clear this important difference the conjugation of the AFFIRMATIVE FORM of the simple present is extremely easy.
A few examples will help better understand thi rule:

Gelmek (to come)   >>> Infinitive suffix:  -MEK 

Base: Gel
Presente tense particle:   -ir
Simple Present tense base:    Gelir

Now we attach the personal suffixes and the conjugation is done:

I come:                        Gelirim
You come:                  Gelirsin
He, She, It comes :     Gelir
We come:                   Geliriz
You come:                  Gelirsiniz
They come:                 Gelirler

Now let's conjugate a verb whose infinitive ending is -MAK in simple present tense

Okumak (to read) >>>>>>>Infinitive suffix  -MAK
Base:     Oku
Present tense particle:  -ur (in this case  "u" is redundant as the base already ends in "u" so we only attach "r")

Simple present tense base:   Okur

Now we attach the personal suffixes and the conjugation is done:

I read:                            Okurum
You read:                      Okursun
He, She, It reads:          Okur
We read:                       Okuruz
You read:                      Okursunuz
They read:                     Okurlar    


Another example:   Çalışmak   ( To work, to study) >>>>>infinitive suffix  -MAK

Base:  Çalış
Present tense particle:  -ır

Simple present tense base:  Çalışır

And again we attach the personal suffixes to get this verb conjugated:

I work:                    Çalışırım
You work:              Çalışırsın
He,She,İt works:     Çalışır
We work:               Çalışırız
You work:              Çalışırsınız
They work:             Çalışırlar

It is appropriate to remind you here that the choice of personal suffixes occurs in accordance with the vowel harmony rule as you may have noticed in the examples.

Let's now complete this lesson with a few practical examples.

I  read the newspaper every day:     Ben her gün gazete okurum

She goes to Turkey every year:       O her sene Turkiye're gider.

She works  in a big company :         O büyük bir şirkette çalışır

They wake up early every morning:   Onlar her sabah erken kalkarlar


The NEGATIVE FORM  of the simple present tense is obtained by appending to the infinitive base the suffixes  -MEZ   or  -MAZ  as in the following chart:


-MEZ    for infinitives ending in -MEK

-MAZ   for infinitives ending in -MAK


 These suffixes are placed between the infinitive base and the personal suffixes.

Let's do a few example:

Gelmek (to come)

Base:  Gel

Negative suffix:  -MEZ

Now we attach the personal suffixes and the conjugation is  piece of cake:

I don't come:                      Gelmem  (*)
You don't come                 Gelmezsin
He,She, It doesn't come:    Gelmez
We don't come:                  Gelmeyiz  (*)
You don't come:                Gelmezsiniz
They don't come:               Gelmezler


Now let's take a verb ending in -MAK

Almak (to take)
Base: Al
Negative suffix:  -MAZ

Again the conjugation is quite simple:

I don't take:                       Almam (*)
You don't take:                  Almazsın
He, She, It doesn't take:    Almaz
We don't take:                   Almayız (*)
You don't take:                  Almazsınız
They don't take:                 Almazlar


 (*) In the 1st person singular and plural the "z" disappears due to an eufonic contraction

DIALOGO/PASSAGE N. 27: Mide ağrısı - Stomac ache. the verb TO HAVE (Sahip Olmak)

In this passage Mr. Hasan is at the doctor's.He tells about his stomach ache.

In this lesson we well start to familiarize with some medical expressions as well as  the Turkish form of the verb TO HAVE.

Listen to this passage and try to memorize new words.

"Günaydın arkadaşım.Uzun zamandan beri görüşemedik.Son zamanlarda iyi görünüyorsun.

İyiyim ama bu günlerde bir sorunum var.

Nedir?

Midem,doktor.Uyanırken beni çok rahatsız ediyor. Gece yatarken çok rahatım ve iyiyim.

Öyleyse, önce ir muayene edelim.Ateşin 36,5 derece.Normal. Tansiyonun da normal.

Kahvaltıda ne yiyorsunuz?

İki fincan kahve,salam,iki yumurta,reçel,bal,meyve ve süt.Hepsi o kadar.

Öğle yemeğinde ne yiyorsunuz?

Öğleyin çon zamanım yok.Onun için bütün yediğim çorba,salata,iki sandviç,tatlı ve kahve.

Şimdi anlamaya baslıyorum.Akşam yemeğinde ne yiyorsunuz?

Akşam yemeğinde çok yiyorum.Çorba,salata,et,patates,sebze,ekmek,tatlı ve kahve.

Hasan Bey,lütfen şu tartının üstüne çıkar mısınız?

Tam düşündüğüm gibi. 96kg.Boyunuz kaç?

1.70

Şimdi anlaşıldı. Buraya son geldiğiniz zaman 80 kiloydunuz.

Yani, 16 kilo almışım.

Tabii. Çok.Sizin yaşınızda bir adam için pek çok.

Elli yaşındasınız değil mi?

Evet,Rejim yapmam gerekli mi?

Tabii,rejim yapmanız gerekli.Size bir reçete yazıyorum.Köşedeki eczanede yaptırırsınız.

Çok teşekkür ederim.En kısa zamanda on altı kilo vereceğim."

Vocabulary/vocabolario

Uzun zamandan beri: for a long time - da molto tempo

Son zamanlarda: recently, lately - di recente

Sorun: problem - problema

Mide: stomach - stomaco

uyanık: awake - sveglio

Muayene etmek: To visit (medical visit) - visitare (dal medico)

Muayene edelim: Let's visit - facciamo una visita

Tansiyon: Blood pressure - pressione arteriosa

Tartı: scale - bilancia

Tabii: Sure - certamente

Son geldiğiniz zaman:Last time you came - l'ultima volta che sei (siete) venuto

Şimdi anlaşildı: Now it is clear - adesso si spiega il perche'

Kilo almak: put on weight - mettere chili, ingrassare

Kilo vermek: To lose weight - dimagrire

Rejim yapmak: To go (to be) on diet - fare la dieta

En kısa zamanda: in the shortest time, very soon - al piu' presto

Eczane: Pharmacy - farmacia

Gerekli: necessary - necessario

Almışım: It seems I got... - pare abbia preso...

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~GRAMMATICAL NOTES~~~~~~~~~~

In Turkish there is no a  specific verb TO HAVE as it exists in English or Italian or French.

To render the meaning of TO HAVE  in Turkish there are the words VAR  or its enfatic form VARDIR,and its opposite YOK or YOKTUR.

Both are UNIPERSONAL forms.

There are two differents ways of conjugating the verb TO HAVE in Turkish:

 1) Put before the word VAR or YOK the genitive or the locative of personal pronouns as in the following example:

Benim  (para) var     or          Bende  para var  :    I have got money    

Senin   (paran) var    or          Sende para var  :    You have got money

Onun (parası)  var    or          Onda para var   :     He/She/It has got money

Bizim  (paramız)  var   or      Bizde para var  :     We have got money.

Sizin  (paranız)    var   or      Sizde para var :       You have got money

Onarın (paraları)  var   or      Onlarda para var:    They hav got money.

Both patterns can be used indifferently.

2)  Other way to render the meaning of TO HAVE is to attach to the direct complement of  VAR or YOK the possessive suffixes as in the following example:

Kitab - ım   var                       I have got a book

Defter- in    var                       You have got a copybook

Kalem - i   var                         He/She/It has got a pen

Kutu - muz  var                       We have got a box

Masa - nız  var                         You have got a table

Sepet - leri   var                       They have got a basket

Needless to remind you that you have to bear in mind the vowel harmony rule while choosing the possessive suffixes.

TO RENDER THE NEGATIVE MEANING OF "TO HAVE" YOU JUST NEED TO REPLACE THE WORD "VAR" WITH ITS OPPOSITE "YOK" IN BOTH CASES WE HAVE ANALYZED.

A few examples will help better understand this rule:

Sizin  meyveniz yok :  You haven't  got fruit

Sizde meyve   yok :      You havent' got fruit

Meyveniz yok:             You haven't got fruit

The verbal form  VAR and YOK   behave exactly like all others verb in Turkish therefore they are declinable accordingly.

We will go into more details when touching the PAST TENSE SUFFIXES in the next lessons.

INTERROGATIVE FORM OF VAR AND YOK

The interrogative form of VAR and YOK is slightly different from that of other verbs.

The interrogative form of VAR is obtained by placing the interrogative particle " mı" right after VAR.

The Interrogative form of YOK is obtained by placing the interrogative particle "mu" right after YOK.

It is appropriate to remember here that the vowel harmony applies only for the words VAR and YOK themselves having the interrogative particles nothing to do with the object.

A few examples will better clarify:

Paranız var mı?    have you got (any) money? 

Gazeteniz var mı?  Have you got (any) newspaper?

Sütünüz var mı?    have you got (any) milk?

Paranız yok mu?    Haven't you got any money?

Gazetiniz yok  mu?       Haven't you got any newspaper?

 

Sütünüz   yok mu?     Haven't you got any milk?

As a drill, using the following words make sentences in affirmative, negative, interrogative of the Turkish for of TO HAVE in all persons and patterns we analyzed.

Müdür - Yumurta - Çay - Otel - Elmas

DIALOGO N. 10: Kent sineması nerede? - Where is cinema Kent?

In this passage Tolga asks information about cinema Kent

In this lesson again we focus on   common  used expressions.

Tolga: Affedersiniz

Fatma: Buyurun efendim.

Tolga:  Kent sineması nerede?

Fatma: Kent sineması, biraz ileride, sağda

Tolga:  Kent sineması nasıl

DIALOGO/PASSAGE N. 26:In my company-Benim Şirketimde - Declension of nouns

IN THIS LESSON WE WILL FOCUS ON  THE SIX CASES OF DECLENSION OF NOUNS.

In this passage a company manager describes a tipical day of work in his office.

Listen to this passage carefully.

"Benim adım,biliyorsunuz,Tahsin Yılmaz'dır. Ben şirketim müdürüyüm. Şimdi ofisteyim ve masamda oturuyorum.Hüseyin Bey'in raporu üzerinde çalışıyorum. Yıldız hanım bana yardım ediyor.O benim sekreterimdir ve hemen yanımdaki masada oturuyor.

Şu anda ona herhangi bir şey dikte ettirmiyorum.Biz şimdi çalısmıyoruz çünkü istirahat zamanı ve birkaç dakika dinleniyoruz.

Biraz önce garson bana çay, sektreterime sütlü kahve getirdi.Biz onları içiyoruz.

Hüseyin Beynofisinin yanındaki bekleme odasında ayakta duruyor.Yanında dört kişi var.Onlarla konuşuyor. Hepsi ayakta duruyorlar ve konuşuyorlar.Onlara bizim şirket hakkında bilgi veriyor.Ziyaretçiler Hüseyin Bey'i dikkatle dinliyorlar.Sevim hanım bugün kırmızı bir elbise giyiyor.Şimdi masasında oturuyor ve telefonla konuşuyor.Masasının sağ tarafında birkaç dosya ve dosyaların yanında bir bardak çay duruyor.

Bu odada tam yirmi kişi var ve şu anda hepsi çok çalışıyor, çünkü bugün Pazartesi ve çok iş var.

Üç dört kişi yazı yazıyor.Diğerleri çeşitli işler yapıyorlar. Ertuğrul ve Necdet şimdi burada yoklar.Onlar benim için bilgi topluyorlar.

Üç işçi sabahtan beri salondaki kapıyı tamir ediyorlar.Çok gürültü yapıyorlar. Bu gürültü beni ve arkadaşlarımı çok rahatsiz ediyor.Onlar gülüyorlar ve konuşuyorlar.Ayni zamanda çekiçle kapıya vuruyorlar."

Vocabulary/Vocabolario

Dikte etmek: To dictate - dettare

İstirahat etmek, dinlemek: To rest - riposarsi, fare una pausa

Bekleme odası (salonu): Waiting room - sala d'attesa

Bilgi vermek: To give information, to inform - informare, dare delle informazioni

Giyimek: To wear - vestire

Not almak: To take note - prendere nota, prendere appunti

Bilgi toplamak: To gather information, to collect information - raccogliere informazioni

Çeşitli: Various - varie, vari, diversi

Tamir etmek: To repair, to fix - riparare

Gülmek: To laugh - ridere

Çekiç: Hammer - martello

Vurmak: To hit - colpire

Dosya: File - cartella (archivio)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~GRAMMAR NOTES~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In Turkish nouns can be declined exactly as adjectives, adverbs, verbs.

We already touched the pronoun declension and the six possible case of declension.

Bearing well in mind the vowel harmony rule let's see now what happens with nouns.

The chart will help you better understand this rule:

* The suffix mutates D into T when the word ends in on of these consonants:

t, ş, k, p, ç, f, h, s

Remeber that the nominative case (not represented in the chart) corresponds to the subject , the noun itself therefore is not being declined when serving as subject.

With the help of this chart it is quite easy to obtain the declension in all cases.

As a drill, try to decline in all cases the following nouns:

Ev - Bahçe - Okul - Gemi - Kılıç - Süt

Notes

Do you remember the compounds you learned  in lesson 25?

The declension of  those compounds into DATIVE, LOCATIVE, ABLATIVE and GENITIVE if the term ends in vowel takes a "n" before the case suffix.

An example will help clarify:

Atatürk Caddesi - n - e            Atatürk Caddesin'e              To Atatürk Avenue

Atatürk Caddesi - n - de          Atatürk Caddesin'de            In Atatürk Avenue

Atatürk Caddesi - n - den        Atatürk Caddesi'nden         From Atatürk Avenue

Atatürk Caddesi - n - in          Atatürk Caddesi'nin             Of  Atatürk Avenue

DIALOGO/PASSAGE N. 25: Holiday-Tatil - Compounds in Turkish

IN THIS LESSON E WILL FOCUS ON  COMPOUNDS IN TURKISH.

Listen to this passage.It's holyday time and kids do not go to school.

" Çocuklar şimdi okula gitmiyorlar,çünkü okullar tatil.Onlar dinlaniyorlar,denize gidiyorlar.kitap okuyorlar v spor yapıyorlar.Benim bir erkek kardeşim var.O hiç bir yere gitmiyor. Sabahtan akşama kadar evde oturuyor.Annesi ona çok kızıyor. Çünkü o çok şımarık bir çocuk.Hep piyano çalıyor ve çok gürültü yapıyor.Günde 5 kere yemek yiyor sonra uyuyor ya da piyano çalıyor."

Vocabulary/Vocabolario

Şimdi: Now,in this moment - adesso,ora

Tatil: Holiday - vacanza

Kitap: Book - lıbro

Dinlemek: To rest - riposarsi

Okumak: To read - leggere

Spor yapmak: To do sports

Hiç bir yere: nowhere

Sabahtan akşama kadar: from morning to night

Kardeş: Brother or sister - fratello,sorella

Oturmak: To sit - sedersi

Anne: Mum, mother - madre,mamma

Şımarık: spoiled - viziato

Gürültü: noise

Piyano çalmak: to play the piano - suonare il pianoforte

Bir kere: Once - una volta

Uyumak: To sleep - dormire

COMPOUNDS

In Turkish compounds can be assimilated to possessive relationship and appear in three different forms.The ownership of any object,material or quality is expressed by one these forms:

1. A form corresponing to the equivalent of  aphostrofe in English.In Turkish this is obtained by attaching the possessive suffixes ( -in, -ın, -un, -ün) or ( -nin, -nın, -nun, -nün for nouns ending in a vowel) to the noun to show the possessor and the 3rd person possessive ending to the noun possessed.

 ( -in, -ın, -un, -ün) are the genitive endings and their choice occurs, do not forget that, in accordance with the vowel harmony.

When the noun ends in a vowel only "n" is to be attached.

The possessed noun takes possessive endings ( -i, -ı, -u, -ü )after consonants and (-si, sı, -su, -sü) after vowel ending nouns.

The following chart will help understand this principle:

    2.  If we want to express a qualifying relationship such as "Yatak odası" - (Bedroom) or Atatürk Havalimanı -(Atatürk Airport) the first nound indicates the origin, the function or the type of the modified noun and will remain unchanged in its form, not taking any suffix.
Only the possessed noun (second term of the compound) will take the 3rd person possessive suffix.

                                The following chart will help understand this principle:

 Do not confuse noun/noun compounds with an adjective/noun compound.

The latter remain unchanged in both components.

Examples:   Büyük Sinema, Küçük Tiyatro

  3. In the 3rd form neither the modifiying noun   nor the modifier take any suffix. In this case the modifier indicats the material of which the modified noun is made.

A few example will better clarify:

Material                   Modified noun

Altin                            Küpe                         ( Golden earring)

Naylon                        Çorap                        ( Nylon socks)